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PHOIBOS 150 NAP 1D-DLD

State of the art hemispherical energy analyzer with 1D-DLD detector for photoelectron spectroscopy measurements (XPS and UPS) in the pressure regime from UHV to near ambient pressure (NAP)

The PHOIBOS 150 NAP Analyzer is a true 180° hemispherical energy analyzer with 150 mm mean radius. It consists of a differentially pumped electrostatic pre-lens, with a three-stage differentially pumped PHOIBOS 150 analyzer. Thus, the design concept provides four separate pressure stages separated by apertures. The first pumping stage (pre-lens) is separated from the analytic chamber by a nozzle with a customizable opening at the tip with diameters between 0.3 mm and 1 mm. By using a turbopump on the pre-lens stage, a pressure difference of four orders of magnitude (compared to the analysis chamber) can be achieved.The first and second stages are separated by an aperture. An in-lens gate valve allows a high-vacuum seal between of the PHOIBOS 150 Analyzer and NAP pre-lens and enables venting of the analysis chamber and pre-lens without venting the energy analyzer.

For Imaging NAP-XPS the pre-lens can be equipped with the SPECS NAP-XPS Imaging Lens Module that supports two different operation modes, one optimized for lateral resolution and one for transmission. In the lateral resolving mode the acceptance angle can be freely adjusted between +/- 3° to +/- 8° giving an ultimate lateral resolution of better than 10 µm with an acceptance area of 0.6 mm in diameter.

KEY FEATURES

  • Wide Angle Pre-Lens with 44 ° Acceptance Angle
  • Near Ambient Working Pressures up to 100 mbar (depending on configuration)
  • Large pass energy range
  • Working range up to 3.5 keV (upgradable to 7 keV with corresponding power supply and detector)
  • High energy and angular resolution
  • High spatial resolution with imaging lens module
  • Ultimate flexibility by switching between high transmission and high lateral resolution mode
  • Fast detectors with high dynamic range for fast real time data acquisition in snapshot mode
  • Pneumatic in-lens gate valve
  • 4 differential pumping stages
  • Full detector flexibility (MCD, 1D-DLD, 2D-DLD, 2D-CCD/-CMOS)

R&D100 in 2010
The PHOIBOS 150 NAP Analyzer won the R&D 100 award for the best 100 products developed in 2010.

MADE FOR THESE METHODS

1

SPECIFICATIONS

PHOIBOS 150 NAP 1D-DLD
Mounting
Mounting Flange

DN150 CF (8" OD)

Working Distance

300 - 500 µm (for standard nozzle with 300 µm diameter)

Operation
Energy Dispersion

Hemisphere

Slits/Apertures

8 Entrance, 3 Exit slits and Iris aperture

Magnetic Shielding

Double µ-Metal Shielding

Lens Modes

Angular Resolving and Transmission Lens Modes

Kinetic Energy Range

0 - 3500 eV

Pass Energies

0 - 550 eV continously adjustable

Detector

1D-DLD Detector

Measurement Modes

Snapshot mode, Sweeping mode, Fixed energy mode

Energy Window

13% of Pass Energy

Electric Isolation

up to 7 keV

Electronics

HSA 3500 plus HT 100 for analyzer and HSA 3500 plus HT 173 for pre-lens

Working Pressure

up to 30 mbar (higher pressure values achievable with corresponding nozzle diameters and differential pumping packages)

Performance
Acceptance Angle

±22°

Angular Resolution

only with 2D detector

Energy Resolution

< 10 meV

Lateral Resolution

only with 2D detector

Smallest Acceptance Spot

Without imaging lens module the smallest acceptance spot is defined by the excitation spot of X-ray source or nozzle diameter

Detector Channels

Max. 960 energy channels (240 and 120 channels for binning 4 and 8, respectively)

XPS Count Rates UHV

70 kcps (guaranteed), 150 kcps (achievable) *

XPS Count Rates 10 mbar

7 kcps (guaranteed), 15 kcps (achievable) *

XPS Count Rates 25 mbar

0.5 kcps (guaranteed), 1.5 kcps (achievable) *

.

* Ag 3d, FWHM < 0.85 eV, small spot monochromated X-ray source µ-FOCUS 600, Al Kα anode, 20 W, Spot size < 250 µm

RELATED PRODUCTS

18

APPLICATION NOTES

AP-XPS investigations of a commercial lithium-based electrolyte
AP-XPS investigations of a commercial lithium-based electrolyte
In this note we present first AP-XPS results from a commercial liquid electrolyte for lithium ion battery production recorded at 10 mbar in the EnviroESCA. The solution is LiPF6 in EC/DMC as a common battery electrolyte. First we analyzed the LiPF6 solution in its vapor and liquid phase. In a second step we immersed V2O5, a typical cathode material, in this solution. Photoelectron spectra show significant chemical differences on the studied surfaces. This proof of principle study shows the enormous potential of the EnviroESCA for AP-XPS investigations of solid-liquid interfaces and the simplicity of the experimental setup.
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XPS of Ag and N2 at 25 mbar
XPS of Ag and N2 at 25 mbar
This application note shows near ambient pressure (NAP) measurements performed with the NAP XPS System for the University of Norte Dame, Prof. Franklin Tao.
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Investigation of a Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) with EnviroESCA
Investigation of a Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) with EnviroESCA
In this study we show how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze the surface of superabsorbent polymers under different environmental conditions. EnviroESCA’s ability to perform X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) under ambient conditions shows its main advantage when being applied to insulating material that change their surface (chemistry) when they come in contact with different liquids and gases - in this case water. Specimens that tend to charge up under vacuum conditions can be measured with ease.
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XPS surface chemical analysis of aqueous solutions with EnviroESCA
XPS surface chemical analysis of aqueous solutions with EnviroESCA
In this study we present the capabilites of EnviroESCA to analyze the surface of various aqueous solutions under near ambient pressure conditions. Such investigations of aqueous solutions are of paramount importance due to the vast number of essential water based processes in nature and industry.
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XPS surface analysis of a human urolith with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of a human urolith with EnviroESCA
A single human urinary stone (urolith) was characterized using EnviroESCA. The result of surface chemical analysis of the as received samples is presented. Charge neutralization on this insulating material is accomplished by Environmental Charge Compensation.
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XPS surface analysis of human tooth samples with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of human tooth samples with EnviroESCA
Human teeth from an adult and a baby were studied using EnviroESCA. The results of surface chemical analysis of the as-received human tissues samples are presented. Neutralization of the insulating bio-material is accomplished by Environmental Charge Compensation enabling X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) on tissues as tooth or bone.
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XPS surface analysis of cuttlefish bone samples with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of cuttlefish bone samples with EnviroESCA
Biological mineral samples from a cuttlefish (sepia) were studied using EnviroESCA. The results of surface chemical analysis of the native and ion implantation treated samples are presented. Neutralization of the insulating biomaterial is accomplished by Environmental Charge Compensation enabling X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) on tissue samples.
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XPS surface analysis of V2O5 upon heating with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of V2O5 upon heating with EnviroESCA
This application note presents how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze samples during heating under near ambient pressure conditions using various gas atmospheres. Such investigations of surfaces at elevated temperatures and pressures are of paramount importance for catalysis in nature and industry.
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XPS surface chemical analysis of bacterial samples with EnviroESCA
XPS surface chemical analysis of bacterial samples with EnviroESCA
This application note presents how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze bacterial samples under near ambient pressure conditions in various states of hydration using different levels of humidity. Such investigations of bacterial cell wall surfaces in their hydrated state are essential for studying biological interfaces at work.
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Near-ambient pressure XPS of hydrated Escherichia coli samples with EnviroESCA
Near-ambient pressure XPS of hydrated Escherichia coli samples with EnviroESCA
This application note presents how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze E. coli biofilms on silicon under near ambient pressure conditions in various states of hydration. Such investigations of the outer bacterial cell surface in their hydrated state are essential for studying biological interfaces at work.
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Gas Cluster Ion Beam (GCIB) sputtering with EnviroESCA
Gas Cluster Ion Beam (GCIB) sputtering with EnviroESCA
This application note presents how the optional GCIB source at the EnviroESCA can be used to clean samples prior to XPS analysis to get reproducible analytical data and reliable quantification results. Moreover, Argon cluster Arn⁺ (n=500-5000) sputtering and depth profiling of (bio)organic samples is possible which cannot be done when using monoatomic Arn+ sputtering.
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XPS surface analysis of Italian hard cheese with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of Italian hard cheese with EnviroESCA
This application note presents how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze the surface of food samples, e.g., Italian hard cheese. Due to the advanced vacuum system of EnviroESCA the surface analysis of Food samples even in the presence of fat and oils or volatiles is performed without problems.
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XPS surface analysis of printed paper samples with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of printed paper samples with EnviroESCA
Results of the surface analysis of four paper samples obtained in EnviroESCA are presented. Neutralization of this insulating biopolymer is accomplished by Environmental Charge Compensation enabling X-ray Pho-toelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) on such important natural material with ease.
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XPS surface analysis of sesame seeds with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of sesame seeds with EnviroESCA
Results of the surface analysis of untreated food samples, e.g., sesame seeds, measured with EnviroESCA are presented. High resolution and high quality spectra are recorded using Environmental Charge Compensation even for samples in bulk quantities.
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Investigation of Polymers and Plastics with EnviroESCA
Investigation of Polymers and Plastics with EnviroESCA
This application note describes how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze the surface of polymers and bulk insulating material. EnviroESCAs ability to perform X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) at non vacuum conditions shows its main advantage when being applied to insulating material. Specimens that tend to charge up under vacuum conditions and need to be extensive charge compensated with expensive low energy electron and low energy ion sources can be measured with ease and without the problem of overcompensation.
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Real World Device Inspection Application with EnviroESCA
Real World Device Inspection Application with EnviroESCA
This application note introduces EnviroESCA as a tool for real world device inspection for microelectronics. A printed circuit board was taken directly from the sales packaging and was investigated with XPS. The measurements concentrate on the crucial parts like contact surfaces and soldering joints. EnviroESCA and near ambient pressure XPS (NAP-XPS) in quality control applications aims to optimize manufacturing processes and device quality in general.
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Investigation of Hydrogel Contact Lenses with EnviroESCA
Investigation of Hydrogel Contact Lenses with EnviroESCA
In this application note we analyze the surface of water filled hydrogels with EnviroESCA, Here, contact lenses serve as an example for medical and biomaterials. The advantage of such investigations under non ultrahigh vacuum conditions is demonstrated and results from wet and dry samples are compared.
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XPS surface analysis of Zeolites with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of Zeolites with EnviroESCA
In this note we demonstrate how the surface of Clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite, can be analysed with EnviroESCA. It describes how the Environmental Charge Compensation can be used to compensate for charging of the sample surface to be able to measure X-ray Photoelectron Spectra with ease.
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XPS surface analysis of a leaf with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of a leaf with EnviroESCA
This application note presents the application of EnviroESCA to the field of biology and surface spectroscopy of biological samples. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on different sites of a leaf will be discussed. It will be shown that XPS is able to detect residues of calcium chloride, being used as a fertilizer, on the leafs surface.
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EnviroESCA and NAP-XPS in the field of Cosmetic Science
EnviroESCA and NAP-XPS in the field of Cosmetic Science
This application note presents the application of EnviroESCA to the field of Cosmetic Sciences and Forensic Sciences. Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) measurements on human hair treated with different personal hair care products.
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EnviroESCA applications in Scientific Archaeology
EnviroESCA applications in Scientific Archaeology
In the present application note EnviroESCA is used for chemical Analysis in the field of Archaeometry. Besides the ability of Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) to analyze the surface composition of metallic and nonmetallic specimens, EnviroESCA allows for a nondestructive analysis of artifacts without special pretreatment procedures.
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XPS surface analysis of a coffee bean with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of a coffee bean with EnviroESCA
The Analysis of food and natural products under environmental conditions is of great importance due to their daily use and direct interaction with humans during consumption. In this study we investigated a roated coffee bean. Charge compensation of this insulating natural product is accomplished by Environmental Charge Compensation enabling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on such biological material with ease.
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XPS surface analysis of an ionic liquid with EnviroESCA
XPS surface analysis of an ionic liquid with EnviroESCA
This application note presents how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze the surface of ionic liquids in contact with gases under application relevant conditions in the near ambient pressure region.
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Corrosion study of a paper clip in vinegar with EnviroESCA
Corrosion study of a paper clip in vinegar with EnviroESCA
In this note we present (N)AP XPS results from the first comparative ex-situ and operando corrosion study on the reaction of commercial paper clips in concentrated vinegar solution containing 25% acetic acid.
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PUBLICATIONS

  1. (2022) In-depth analysis of iodine in artificial biofilm model layers by variable excitation energy XPS and argon gas cluster ion sputtering XPS

    Here we present a study on agarose thin-film samples that represent a model
    system for the exopolysaccharide matrix of biofilms. Povidone-iodide (PVP-I) was
    selected as an antibacterial agent to evaluate our XPS-based methodology to trace
    specific marker elements, here iodine, commonly found in organic matrices of
    antibiotics.
    The in-depth distribution of iodine was determined by XPS analyses with variable
    excitation energies and in combination with argon gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) sputter
    cycles. On mixed agarose/PVP-I nanometer thin films, both methods were found to solve
    the analytical task and deliver independently comparable results. In the mixed
    agarose/PVP-I thin-film we found the outermost surface layer depleted in iodine,
    whereas the iodine is homogeneously distributed in the depth region between this
    outermost surface layer and the interface between the thin-film and the substrate.
    Depletion of iodine from the uppermost surface in the thin-film samples is assumed to
    be caused by UHV exposure resulting in a loss of molecular iodine (I2) as reported earlier
    for other iodine-doped polymers.



    P. M. Dietrich, M. Kjærvik, E. A. Willneff, and W. E. S. Unger
    Biointerphases (Vol. 17, Issue 3)
    Read more
  2. (2022) Emerging cold plasma treatment and machine learning prospects for seed priming: a step towards sustainable food production

    Seeds are vulnerable to physical and biological stresses during the germination process. Seed priming strategies can alleviate such stresses. Seed priming is a technique of treating and drying seeds prior to germination in order to accelerate the metabolic process of germination. Multiple benefits are offered by seed priming techniques, such as reducing fertilizer use, accelerating seed germination, and inducing systemic resistance in plants, which are both cost-effective and eco-friendly. For seed priming, cold plasma (CP)-mediated priming could be an innovative alternative to synthetic chemical treatments. CP priming is an eco-friendly, safe and economical, yet relatively less explored technique towards the development of seed priming. In this review, we discussed in detail the application of CP technology for seed priming to enhance germination, the quality of seeds, and the production of crops in a sustainable manner. Additionally, the combination treatment of CP with nanoparticle (NP) priming is also discussed. The large numbers of parameters need to be monitored and optimized during CP treatment to achieve the desired priming results. Here, we discussed a new perspective of machine learning for modeling plasma treatment parameters in agriculture for the development of synergistic protocols for different types of seed priming.



    A. Shelar, A. V. Singh, P. Dietrich, R. S. Maharjan, A. Thissen, P. N. Didwal, M. Shinde, P. Laux, A. Luch, V. Mathe, T. Jahnke, M. Chaskar and, R. Patil
    Issue 17, 2022, Issue in Progress, RSC Advances
    Read more
  3. (2022) Visualization of on-surface ethylene polymerization through ethylene insertion

    Polyethylene production through catalytic ethylene polymerization is one of the most common processes
    in the chemical industry. The popular Cossee-Arlman mechanism hypothesizes that the ethylene be
    directly inserted into the metal–carbon bond during chain growth, which has been awaiting microscopic
    and spatiotemporal experimental confirmation. Here, we report an in situ visualization of ethylene
    polymerization by scanning tunneling microscopy on a carburized iron single-crystal surface. We
    observed that ethylene polymerization proceeds on a specific triangular iron site at the boundary
    between two carbide domains. Without an activator, an intermediate, attributed to surface-anchored
    ethylidene (CHCH3), serves as the chain initiator (self-initiation), which subsequently grows by
    ethylene insertion. Our finding provides direct experimental evidence of the ethylene polymerization
    pathway at the molecular level.



    W. Guo, J. Yin, Z. Xu, W. Li, Z. Peng, C. J. Weststrate, X. Yu,
    Y. He, Z. Cao, X. Wen, Y. Yang, K. Wu, Y. Li,
    J. W. Niemantsverdriet, und X. Zhou
    Science 375, 1188–1191 (2022)
    Read more
  4. (2022) NAP-XPS spectra of the bacterial cell-envelope of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria

    Pseudomonas fluorescens (Gram-negative) bacteria purchased from Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures were analyzed using high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at near ambient pressure conditions (NAP-XPS), 1500 Pa water vapor atmosphere. Fresh layers of P. fluorescence bacteria were grown on Luria Broth agar plates. Bacteria were taken from the agar plate with a sterile spatula and gently spread on a Si-wafer piece for NAP-XPS analysis. The NAP-XPS spectra of the bacterial envelope of P. fluorescence were obtained using monochromatic Al Kα radiation and include a survey scan and high-resolution spectra of C 1s, N 1s, P 2p, and O 1s as well. The presentation of the C 1s high-resolution spectrum includes the results of peak fitting analysis.



    M.Kjærvik, K. Schwibbert, P. M. Dietrich, and W. E. S. Unger
    Surface Science Spectra 29, 014008 (2022)
    Read more
  5. (2021) Application of near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) in an in-situ analysis of the stability of the surface-supported metal-organic framework HKUST-1 in water, methanol and pyridine atmospheres

    Surface-supported metal-organic frameworks HKUST-1 (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) were used as a model system for a development of a near ambient pressure (NAP) XPS based approach to investigate interaction with atmospheres of water, methanol or pyridine at pressures ranging from 1 to 4 mbar. The films were grown on a gold substrate functionalized with a COOH-terminated self-assembled monolayer using liquid-phase epitaxy in a step-by-step fashion. Measurement protocols were developed and optimised for different gases in order to obtain spectra of similar quality in terms of signal intensity, noise and shape. Peak shapes were found to depend on the efficiency of charge compensation. Reference measurements in argon proved to be a useful strategy not only for the evaluation of the Cu(II)-fraction in pristine samples, but also to identify the contributions by the respective gas atmosphere to the C 1s and O 1s photoelectron spectra. Reduced copper was found during the exposition of HKUST-1 to water vapour and pyridine, but this effect was not observed in case of methanol. Additionally, it was established that there are no changes in relative Cu(II) percentage with increasing exposure time. This indicates that saturation was reached already at the lowest time of gas exposure. A detailed elucidation of the mechanism of Cu(II) reduction to Cu(I) in HKUST-1 mediated by water and pyridine is part of ongoing work and not in the scope of the present paper.



    M. Kjærvik, P. M. Dietrich, A. Thissen, J. Radnik, A. Nefedov, C. Natzeck, C. Wöll, und W. E.S. Unger
    Elsevier B.V. , 2021, 147042
    Read more
  6. (2021) Enhanced Catalysis under 2D Silica: A CO Oxidation Study

    Interfacially confined microenvironments have recently gained attention in catalysis, as they can be used to modulate reaction chemistry. The emergence of a 2D nanospace at the interface between a 2D material and its support can promote varying kinetic and energetic schemes based on molecular level confinement effects imposed in this reduced volume. We report on the use of a 2D oxide cover, bilayer silica, on catalytically active Pd(111) undergoing the CO oxidation reaction. We “uncover” mechanistic insights about the structure‐activity relationship with and without a 2D silica overlayer using in situ IR and X‐ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. We find that the CO oxidation reaction on Pd(111) benefits from confinement effects imposed on surface adsorbates under 2D silica. This interaction results in a lower and more dispersed coverage of CO adsorbates with restricted CO adsorption geometries, which promote oxygen adsorption and lay the foundation for the formation of a reactive surface oxide that produces higher CO 2 formation rates than Pd alone.



    C. Eads, J. A. Boscoboinik, A. R Head, A. Hunt, I. Waluyo, D. J. Stacchiola, and S. A Tenney
    Wiley, 18.01.2021
    Read more
  7. (2021) A comparative study of electrochemical cells for in situ x-ray spectroscopies in the soft and tender x-ray range

    n situ x-ray spectroscopies offer a powerful way to understand the electronic structure of the electrode–electrolyte interface under operating conditions. However, most x-ray techniques require vacuum, making it necessary to design spectro-electrochemical cells with a delicate interface to the wet electrochemical environment. The design of the cell often dictates what measurements can be done and which electrochemical processes can be studied. Hence, it is important to pick the right spectro-electrochemical cell for the process of interest. To facilitate this choice, and to highlight the challenges in cell design, we critically review four recent, successful cell designs. Using several case studies, we investigate the opportunities and limitations that arise in practical experiments.



    J.-J. Velasco-Vélez, L. J. Falling, D. Bernsmeier, M. J Sear, P. C. J. Clark, T.-S. Chan, E. Stotz, M. Hävecker, R. Kraehnert, and A. Knop-Gericke
    Juan-Jesús Velasco-Vélez et al 2021 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 54 124003
    Read more
  8. (2021) In situ investigation of the bismuth vanadate/potassium phosphate interface reveals morphological and composition dependent light-induced surface reactions

    Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is an established n-type oxide semiconductor for photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution. Direct charge carrier recombination at the solid/liquid interface is a major cause of efficiency loss in BiVO4-based devices. Intrinsic and extrinsic surface states (SSs) can act as electron and hole traps that enhance the recombination rate and lower the faradaic efficiency. In this study, we investigate the BiVO4/aqueous KPi interface using two types of samples. The samples were prepared at two different deposition and annealing temperatures (450 °C and 500 °C) leading to different morphologies and stoichiometries for the two samples. Both samples exhibit SSs in the dark that are passivated under illumination. In situ ambient pressure hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments performed under front illumination conditions reveal the formation of a bismuth phosphate (BiPO4) surface layer for the sample annealed at 450 °C, whereas the sample annealed at 500 °C exhibits band flattening without the formation of BiPO4. These results imply that the light-induced formation of BiPO4 may not be responsible for SS passivation. Our study also suggests that slight differences in the synthesis parameters lead to significant changes in the surface stoichiometry and morphology, with drastic effects on the physical-chemical properties of the BiVO4/electrolyte interface. These differences may have important consequences for device characteristics such as long-term stability.



    M. Favaro, I.Y. Ahmet, P. C. J. Clark, F. F. Abdi, M. J. Sear, R. van de Krol, and D. E. Starr
    Marco Favaro et al 2021 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 54 164001
    Read more
  9. (2021) In situ monitoring of the influence of water on DNA radiation damage by near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    Ionizing radiation damage to DNA plays a fundamental role in cancer therapy. X-ray photoelectron-spectroscopy (XPS) allows simultaneous irradiation and damage monitoring. Although water radiolysis is essential for radiation damage, all previous XPS studies were performed in vacuum. Here we present near-ambient-pressure XPS experiments to directly measure DNA damage under water atmosphere. They permit in-situ monitoring of the effects of radicals on fully hydrated double-stranded DNA. The results allow us to distinguish direct damage, by photons and secondary low-energy electrons (LEE), from damage by hydroxyl radicals or hydration induced modifications of damage pathways. The exposure of dry DNA to x-rays leads to strand-breaks at the sugar-phosphate backbone, while deoxyribose and nucleobases are less affected. In contrast, a strong increase of DNA damage is observed in water, where OH-radicals are produced. In consequence, base damage and base release become predominant, even though the number of strand-breaks increases further.



    M. Benjamin Hahn, P. M. Dietrich und J. Radnik
    Communications Chemistry volume 4, Article number: 50 (2021)
    Read more
  10. (2021) Comparative Study of NAP-XPS and Cryo-XPS for the Investigation of Surface Chemistry of the Bacterial Cell-Envelope

    Bacteria generally interact with the environment via processes involving their cell-envelope. Thus, techniques that may shed light on their surface chemistry are attractive tools for providing an understanding of bacterial interactions. One of these tools is Al Kα-excited photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with its estimated information depth of <10 nm. XPS-analyses of bacteria have been performed for several decades on freeze-dried specimens in order to be compatible with the vacuum in the analysis chamber of the spectrometer. A limitation of these studies has been that the freeze-drying method may collapse cell structure as well as introduce surface contaminants. However, recent developments in XPS allow for analysis of biological samples at near ambient pressure (NAP-XPS) or as frozen hydrated specimens (cryo-XPS) in vacuum. In this work, we have analyzed bacterial samples from a reference strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens using both techniques. We compare the results obtained and, in general, observe good agreement between the two techniques. Furthermore, we discuss advantages and disadvantages with the two analysis approaches and the output data they provide. XPS reference data from the bacterial strain are provided, and we propose that planktonic cells of this strain (DSM 50090) are used as a reference material for surface chemical analysis of bacterial systems.



    M. Kjærvik, M. Ramstedt, K. Schwibbert, P. M. Dietrich and W. E. S. Unger
    Front. Chem., 30 April 2021
    Read more
  11. (2020) Present and new frontiers in materials research by ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    In this topical review we catagorise all ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    publications that have appeared between the 1970s and the end of 2018 according to their
    scientific field. We find that catalysis, surface science and materials science are predominant,
    while, for example, electrocatalysis and thin film growth are emerging. All catalysis
    publications that we could identify are cited, and selected case stories with increasing
    complexity in terms of surface structure or chemical reaction are discussed. For thin film
    growth we discuss recent examples from chemical vapour deposition and atomic layer
    deposition. Finally, we also discuss current frontiers of ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron
    spectroscopy research, indicating some directions of future development of the field.
    Keywords: ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, synchrotron radiation,
    catalysis, atomic layer deposition, chemical vapour deposition, operando



    J. Schnadt, J. Knudsen, and N. Johansson
    J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 32 (2020) 413003 (29pp)
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  12. (2020) Identifying the Catalyst Chemical State and Adsorbed Species during Methanol Conversion on Copper Using Ambient Pressure X‐ray Spectroscopies

    Methanol is a promising chemical for the safe and efficient storage of hydrogen, where methanol conversion reactions can
    generate a hydrogen‐containing gas mixture. Understanding the chemical state of the catalyst over which these reactions
    occur and the interplay with the adsorbed species present is key to the design of improved catalysts and process conditions.
    Here we study polycrystalline Cu foils using ambient pressure X‐ray spectroscopies to reveal the Cu oxidation state and
    identify the adsorbed species during partial oxidation (CH3OH + O2), steam reforming (CH3OH + H2O), and autothermal
    reforming (CH3OH + O2 + H2O) of methanol at 200 °C surface temperature and in the mbar pressure range. We find that the
    Cu surface remains highly metallic throughout partial oxidation and steam reforming reactions, even for oxygen‐rich
    conditions. However, for autothermal reforming the Cu surface shows significant oxidation towards Cu2O. We rationalise
    this behaviour on the basis of the shift in equilibrium of the CH3OH* + O* ⇌ CH3O* + OH* caused by the addition of H2O.



    B. Eren, C. G. Sole, J. S. Lacasa, D. Grinter, F. Venturini, G. Held,
    C. S. Esconjauregui, and R. S. Weatherup
    Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2020, 00, 1‐8
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  13. (2020) Evidence for a core-shell structure of hydrothermal carbon

    Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) has been demonstrated to be a sustainable thermochemical process,
    capable of producing functionalised carbon materials for a wide range of applications. In order to better
    apply such materials, the local chemistry and reaction pathways governing hydrothermal carbon growth
    must be understood. We report the use of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) to observe
    chemical changes in the functionality of carbon between the interface and bulk regions of HTC. Spatiallyresolved,
    element-specific X-ray photo-absorption spectra show the presence of differing local carbon
    chemistry between bulk “core” and interface “shell” regions of a glucose-derived hydrothermal carbon
    spherule. STXM provides direct evidence to suggest that mechanistic pathways differ between the core
    and shell of the hydrothermal carbon. In the shell region, at the water-carbon interface, more aldehyde
    and/or carboxylic species are suspected to provide a reactive interface for bridging reactions to occur
    with local furan-based monomers. In contrast, condensation reactions appear to dominate in the core,
    removing aryl-linking units between polyfuranic domains. The application of STXM to HTC presents
    opportunities for a more comprehensive understanding of the spatial distribution of carbon species
    within hydrothermal carbon, especially at the solvent-carbon interface.



    L.J.R. Higgins, A. P. Brown, J. P. Harrington, A. B. Ross, B. Kaulich and B. Mishra
    Carbon 161 (2020) 423-431
    Read more
  14. (2020) Biocompatible pure ZnO nanoparticles-3D bacterial cellulose biointerfaces with antibacterial properties

    In this paper, we present for the first time the obtaining and characterization of new antibacterial and biocompatible nano-ZnO–bacterial cellulose (BC) material with controlled interfaces for studying in vitro microorganisms (Escherichia Coli (ATCC 8737), B. subtilis Spizizenii Nakamura (ATCC 6633), Candida albicans (ATCC10231)) and mammalian cells (human dermal fibroblast cells) response. The use of BC based material with controlled characteristics in terms of quantity and distribution of ZnO onto BC membrane (with 2D and 3D fibers arrangement) is directly correlated with the surface chemical and topographical properties, the method of preparation, and also with the type of cells implied for the specific application within the bioengineering fields. In our study, the uniform distribution and the control on the quantity of ZnO nanoparticles onto 3D BC were obtained using matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) method. The influence on particle distribution onto 3D bio cellulose were investigated based on two types of solvents (water and chloroform) involved in target preparation within MAPLE deposition. The attachment of the nanoparticles to the bacterial cellulose surface and fibrils was demonstrated by SEM and FT-IR studies. The BC-ZnO showed both resistance to bacteria-sticking and non-cytotoxic effect on the human dermal fibroblasts cells at a mass distribution onto surface of 1.68 µg ZnO NPS/mm2. These results represent a good premise in terms of tailoring BC substrates with ZnO particles that could determine or enhance both the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of BC-composite materials.



    V. Dinca, A. Mocanu, G. Isopencu, C. Busuioc, S. Brajnicov, A. Vlad, M. Icriverzi, A. Roseanu,
    M. Dinescu, M. Stroescu, A. Stoica-Guzun, M. Suchea
    Arabian Journal of Chemistry
    Volume 13, Issue 1, January 2020, Pages 3521-3533
    Read more
  15. (2020) Highly efficient Cu/SiO2 catalyst derived from ethanolamine modification for furfural hydrogenation

    The production of furfuryl alcohol from furfural hydrogenation in gas
    phase is of great significance for the valorization of biomass. The existing catalyst for
    this transformation suffers from high cost and complex preparation process. Thus, a
    highly efficient copper catalyst was developed by a simple impregnation method
    using ethanolamine modified granular silica as carrier.
    The catalytic performance was related to the amount of ethanolamine used in modification.
    Highly dispersed copper with uniform particle size distribution was obtained from appropriate amount of
    ethanolamine modified granular silica. The ethanolamine modified granular silica
    (mass ratio between ethanolamine and silica was 3 in the initial modification mixture)
    supported copper catalyst exhibited the best performance in terms of catalyst lifetime
    thanks to its maximum amount of Cu0 sites and largest amount of Cu+ sites. A slow
    deactivation of the catalyst after extended time on stream evaluation is attributed to
    carbon deposition and slow copper sintering.



    H. Du, X. Ma, M. Jiang, P. Yan and Z. C. Zhang
    Applied Catalysis A, General
    APCATA 117598
    Read more
  16. (2020) Modulating electronic structure of graphene overlayers through electrochemical intercalation

    Modulating electronic structure of graphene overlayers is highly demanding for its potential applications in
    microelectronics, sensors, and catalysis, which however remains a grand challenge. Here, we report electrochemistry-
    involved treatments to tune the electronic structure of graphene overlayers. Both galvanic corrosion
    and potential-aided intercalation of H2O were employed to change the graphene/Cu interfaces to graphene/
    Cu2O/Cu and graphene/H2O/Cu interfaces, respectively. Electronic properties and structural changes of the
    graphene/Cu interfaces were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in-situ Raman, and atomic force
    microscopy. The formed Cu2O interlayer blocks the charge transfer between graphene overlayer and Cu substrate,
    which turns n-type doping of the as-grown graphene to free-standing state. In contrast, the intercalated
    H2O interlayer induces much stronger n-type doping in graphene through the electrostatic field effect generated
    by confined H2O. This work offers efficient but mild methods to modulate the doping state of graphene layers.



    S. Zhao,b, Rentao Mu, Y. Ninga, Q. Fua and X. Bao
    Applied Surface Science 522 (2020) 146359
    Read more
  17. (2020) Clinoptilolite, a type of zeolite, by near ambient pressure-XPS

    Near ambient pressure-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this paper, we show the NAP-XPS survey; O 1s, Ca 2p, C 1s, K 2p, Al 2s, Al 2p, Si 2p, and Si 2s narrow scans; and the extended valence band spectrum of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite that would be difficult to analyze by conventional XPS. A small N 1s signal from N2(g) is also observed in the survey spectrum. Signals in the narrow scans are fit to Gaussian–Lorentzian sum and Gaussian–Lorentzian product functions.



    T. G. Avval, V. Carver, S. C. Chapman, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A.Thißen, and M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 27, 014007 (2020)
    Read more
  18. (2020) Carbon monoxide, CO(g), by high-resolution near-ambient-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    Near-ambient-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) and x-ray-induced Auger electron spectroscopy were used to characterize gas-phase carbon monoxide, CO(g). In this submission, the authors show the survey, valence band, O 1s, C 1s, O KLL Auger, and C KLL Auger spectra acquired using high-resolution synchrotron NAP-XPS with a photon energy of 647.08 eV.



    C. R. O’Connor, J A. Boscoboinik, M. Karatok, and M. A. van Spronsen
    Surface Science Spectra 27, 014002 (2020)
    Read more
  19. (2020) Photoinduced Charge Carrier Dynamics and Electron Injection Efficiencies in Au Nanoparticle-Sensitized TiO2 Determined with Picosecond Time-Resolved X‑ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

    Progress in the development of plasmon-enabled light-harvesting technologies requires a
    better understanding of their fundamental operating principles and current limitations. Here, we employ
    picosecond time-resolved X-ray photoemission spectroscopy to investigate photoinduced electron transfer in
    a plasmonic model system composed of 20 nm sized gold nanoparticles (NPs) attached to a nanoporous film
    of TiO2. The measurement provides direct, quantitative access to transient local charge distributions from
    the perspectives of the electron donor (AuNP) and the electron acceptor (TiO2). On average, approximately
    two electrons are injected per NP, corresponding to an electron injection yield per absorbed photon of 0.1%.
    Back electron transfer from the perspective of the electron donor is dominated by a fast recombination
    channel proceeding on a time scale of 60 ± 10 ps and a minor contribution that is completed after ∼1 ns.
    The findings provide a detailed picture of photoinduced charge carrier generation in this NP−semiconductor
    junction, with important implications for understanding achievable overall photon-to-charge conversion
    efficiencies.



    M. Borgwardt, J. Mahl, F.Roth, L. Wenthaus, F. Brauße, M.Blum,
    K. Schwarzburg, G. Liu, F.M. Toma, and O.Gessner
    The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2020, 11, 5476−5481
    Read more
  20. (2020) Human hair, untreated, colored, bleached, and/or treated with a conditioner, by near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    Near-ambient pressure-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at ca. 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. Here, we show the NAP-XPS analysis of untreated/blank human hair, and human hair that has been colored (red) and treated with a commercial conditioner, or bleached and treated with a different conditioner. Survey spectra are shown of each material along with figures comparing their Si 2p, S 2p, and C 1s spectra. The survey spectrum of untreated hair shows S 2p, S 2s, C 1s, Ca 2p, N 1s, and O 1s peaks and corresponding O, N, and C Auger signals. The survey spectra of the colored and bleached hair show significant Si 2s and Si 2p signals and reduced or eliminated S 2p and S 2s peaks, presumably due to the deposition of dimethicone (polydimethylsiloxane) from the corresponding commercial hair treatment products. Narrow scans similarly indicate the deposition of a silicon-containing material on the two types of treated hair, with a concomitant decrease in the intensity of the sulfur signals from the hair. Upon treatment, the C 1s envelope also changes—the chemically shifted peak attributable to amide-type carbon disappears.



    V. Jain, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, and M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 27, 014001, 2020
    Read more
  21. (2019) Nitrogen gas (N2), by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at ca. 2500 Pa, or even higher in some cases. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show NAP-XPS survey and narrow scans from nitrogen gas (N2), a material that could not be analyzed at moderate pressures by conventional approaches. Nitrogen gas is an important reference material for NAP-XPS because residual N2 from the air and/or venting produces an N 1s signal in many NAP-XPS spectra. Nitrogen gas may also be deliberately employed as the gaseous background for NAP-XPS experiments. The survey spectrum of N2 gas contains N 1s, N 2s, N KLL (Auger), and valence band signals. This submission is part of a series of articles on NAP-XPS that has been submitted to Surface Science Spectra.



    D. Shah, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014023 (2019)
    Read more
  22. (2019) Characterization of Fe2+ Aqueous Solutions with Liquid Jet X‑ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Chloride Depletion at the Liquid/ Vapor Interface Due to Complexation with Fe2+

    Liquid jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used under near ambient pressure conditions to characterize Fe2+ aqueous solutions. Counter ions, such as Cl and Brions, added to the solution lead to changes in the first solvation sphere of the Fe-aqua complex in solution. Binding energy shifts of 0.4 eV to lower binding energy are observed in the Cl 2p spectra, 2 eV to higher binding energy in the Fe 2p spectra and no shifts are observed in the Br 3d spectra. Depletion of the Cl species is observed at the interface,
    caused by coordination with Fe2. Depletion of Cl at the liquid/vapor interface may have significant impacts on oxidative chemistry at the interface of atmospheric aerosols that contain both chloride and iron. The Cl complexation with the Fe2+ ions will also affect the Fenton chemistry that is dependent on this metal ion.



    J. P. Bruce and J. C. Hemminger
    J. Phys. Chem. B 2019, 123, 8285−8290
    Read more
  23. (2019) New Insight into the Gas-Sensing Properties of CuOx Nanowires by Near-Ambient Pressure XPS

    This article presents an investigation of the sensing properties of chemiresistors based on Cu2O/CuO core–shell nanowires containing p–p′ heterojunctions. The nanowires were synthesized by a conventional hydrothermal method and used for the detection of ethanol and nitrogen dioxide, reducing and oxidizing agents, respectively. To unravel the chemical processes connected with gas detection, an in situ approach was applied. This approach was based on near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with simultaneous monitoring of sensor responses. The in situ measurements were performed during exposure to the analytes at a total pressure of 0.05–1.05 mbar and 450 K and were correlated with chemiresistor response measurements carried out at a standard pressure and under an ambient atmosphere. The study revealed that heterojunction treatment with ethanol vapors, accompanied by partial reduction of the nanowires, is the key step to obtaining chemiresistors with good sensing performance. While the untreated heterojunctions exhibited poor n-type sensing responses, the treated ones showed significantly improved p-type responses. The treated sensors were characterized by a stable baseline, high reversibility, detection limits estimated as 50 ppm for ethanol and 100 ppb for nitrogen dioxide, and with response times in tens of seconds. In all cases, we propose a band scheme of Cu2O/CuO heterojunctions and a gas-sensing mechanism.
     



    P. Hozák, M. Vorokhta, I. Khalakhan, K. Jarkovská, K. Jarkovská
    J. Cibulková, P. Fitl, J. Vlček, J. Fara, D. Tomeček, M. Novotný, M. Vorokhta, J. Lančok, I. Matolínová, and M. Vrňata
    J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123, 49, 29739–29749
    Read more
  24. (2019) Bacterial cellulose films with ZnO nanoparticles and propolis extracts: Synergistic antimicrobial effect

    This study aimed to obtain possible materials for future antimicrobial food packaging applications based on biodegradable bacterial cellulose (BC). BC is a fermentation product obtained by Gluconacetobacter xylinum using food or agricultural wastes as substrate. In this work we investigated the synergistic effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and propolis extracts deposited on BC. ZnO NPs were generated in the presence of ultrasounds directly on the surface of BC films. The BC-ZnO composites were further impregnated with ethanolic propolis extracts (EEP) with different concentrations.The composition of raw propolis and EEP were previously determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS), while the antioxidant activity was evaluated by TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). The analysis methods performed on BC-ZnO composites such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo-gravimetrically analysis (TGA), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) proved that ZnO NPs were formed and embedded in the whole structure of BC films. The BC-ZnO-propolis films were characterized by SEM and X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) in order to investigate the surface modifications. The antimicrobial synergistic effect of the BC-ZnO-propolis films were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans. The experimental results revealed that BC-ZnO had no influence on Gram-negative and eukaryotic cells.



    A. Mocanu, G. Isopencu, C. Busuioc, O. M. Popa, P. Dietrich and L. Socaciu-Siebert
    Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 17687
    Read more
  25. (2019) Fretting wear behavior of graphite-like carbon films with bias-graded deposition

    Although graphite-like carbon (GLC) films have been used to protect the engineering components due to their
    high mechanical properties and low friction coefficients, the poor interfacial bonding strength and high internal
    stress can lead their rapid failure. In this study, the bias-gradient (30–120 V) as well as the usual constant bias
    protocols (30, 60 and 120 V) has been adopted to deposit the GLC films on 316 L stainless steel and silicon using
    unbalanced magnetron sputtering technology. Based upon the microstructure and composition analysis by SEM,
    AFM, XRD, Raman and XPS, the sp3 content and compactness of the films are increased with the increase of the
    deposition bias. Compared to the film at the constant bias of 120 V, the bias-graded film has a comparable
    hardness but superior adhesive strength. Detailed fretting wear testing under ambient air and dry N2 atmospheres
    against 25mm diameter Si3N4 ball has been carried out. The friction curves disclosed a three-stage
    evolution feature: the surface working area, the interlayer transition area and the coating failure area. The biasgraded
    film displayed the lowest friction coefficient and the longest fatigue life. Further the fretting mechanisms
    at different stages have been elaborated in terms of the chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical
    properties.



    X. Shi, T. W. Liskiewicz, B. D. Beake, Z. Sun and J.Chen
    Applied Surface Science 494 (2019) 929–940
    Read more
  26. (2019) Cu-promoted zirconia catalysts for non-oxidative propane dehydrogenation

    Bulk ZrO2 has shown high activity and selectivity for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). Its catalytic performance
    can be enhanced by substitution of the Zr ions with suitable dopant ions. In this study, a series of Cu-doped ZrO2
    metal oxides (CuZrO-x) have been prepared using the co-precipitation method and the effects of the amount of
    dopant on their properties have been investigated. The appropriate amount of Cu dopant promotes the creation
    of oxygen vacancies and coordinatively unsaturated Zrcus4+ sites, active sites for PDH; however, excess Cu forms
    bulk CuO in the CuZrO-x catalysts resulting in decreased activity. The catalytic activity for PDH is closely
    correlated to the amount of weak Lewis acid sites in CuZrO-x. Moreover, a comparison of the CuZrO-x properties
    with those of Cu-impregnated ZrO2 has shown that the amount of acid sites and therefore, the catalytic performance,
    depends on the doping method.



    N. Jeon, H. Choe, B.Jeong, and Y. Yun
    Applied Catalysis A, General 586 (2019) 117211
    Read more
  27. (2019) Efficient charge generation from triplet excitons in metal-organic heterojunctions

    The success of many emerging molecular electronics concepts hinges on an atomistic understanding of
    the underlying electronic dynamics. We employ picosecond time-resolved x-ray photoemission spectroscopy
    (tr-XPS) to elucidate the roles of singlet and triplet excitons for photoinduced charge generation at a copperphthalocyanine–
    C60 heterojunction. Contrary to common belief, fast intersystem crossing to triplet excitons
    after photoexcitation is not a loss channel but contributes to a significantly larger extent to the time-integrated
    interfacial charge generation than the initially excited singlet excitons. The tr-XPS data provide direct access to
    the diffusivity of the triplet excitons DCuPc = (1.8 ± 1.2) × 10−5 cm2/s (where CuPc is copper-phthalocyanine)
    and their diffusion length Ldiff = (8 ± 3) nm.



    F. Roth, S.Neppl, A. Shavorskiy, T. Arion, J.Mahl, H. O. Seo,
    H. Bluhm, Z.Hussain, O. Gessner, and W. Eberhardt.
    PHYSICAL REVIEW B 99, 020303(R) (2019)
    Read more
  28. (2019) Printed and unprinted office paper, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less-traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at ca. 2500 Pa, or even higher in some cases. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, the authors show NAP-XPS survey spectra, and C 1s and O 1s narrow scans of two samples of paper (a white office paper and the nonsticky side of a yellow post-it note). The white office paper was analyzed at three specific positions: an unprinted portion, a light blue letter, and a dark blue letter in the “SPECS” logo. Survey spectra show the presence of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and calcium in all the samples. The yellow paper shows a small amount of silicon. Fits to the C 1s and O 1s regions are shown. The O 1s narrow scans are fit with four peaks using a literature approach previously employed for paper and with three peaks in a more ad hoc fashion. The latter approach yields better fits.



    D. Shah, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen and M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 024009 (2019)
    Read more
  29. (2019) Poly(y-benzyl L-glutamate), by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 2500 Pa. In this study, poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) with a molar mass of 11.3 kg/mol was analyzed by NAP-XPS; here, we show the survey, C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s narrow scans of PBLG. The C 1s peak envelope was fitted in three different ways, to five, six, or seven synthetic peaks. In each fit, there was also a shake-up signal. The O 1s narrow scan was well fit with three peaks: C—O and C=O in a 1:2 ratio from the polymer, and a higher energy signal from water vapor. Hartree–Fock orbital energies of a model monomer served as a guide to an additional fit of the C 1s envelope.



    V. Jain, J. J. Wheeler, D. H. Ess, S. Noack, C. D. Vacogne, H. Schlaad, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, and M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 024010 (2019)
    Read more
  30. (2019) Coffee bean, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., up to 2500 Pa, or higher in some cases. NAP-XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we present NAP-XPS C 1s and O 1s narrow scans and a survey spectrum of a coffee bean, a material that would be difficult or even impossible to analyze by conventional XPS. Coffee beans are ground to produce coffee powder, which is the source of one of the world’s most common beverages, coffee. The survey spectrum shows small amounts of sulfur and calcium.



    D. Shah, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen and M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 024006 (2019)
    Read more
  31. (2019) Ethylene glycol, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can analyze moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show C 1s, O 1s, and survey NAP-XPS spectra from ethylene glycol, an organic solvent that could not be analyzed at near-ambient pressures by conventional approaches. An N 1s signal is present in the survey spectrum of the material.



    D. I. Patel, J. O'Tani, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 024007 (2019)
    Read more
  32. (2019) Ambient air, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at 2500 Pa or higher. With NAP-XPS, XPS can analyze moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. Because of the relatively high working pressure of NAP-XPS, the components of ambient air may be present in the analytical chamber during data acquisition. In this submission, we show survey, O 1s, N 1s, valence band, oxygen Auger (KLL), and nitrogen Auger (KLL) NAP-XPS spectra from ambient air, a material that could not be analyzed at moderate pressures by conventional XPS.



    D. I. Patel, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 024002 (2019)
    Read more
  33. (2019) Coca-Cola, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near ambient pressure-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at ca. 2500 Pa, or higher in some cases. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show an NAP-XPS survey spectrum, and also O 1s and C 1s narrow scans, of a commercial soft drink, Coca-Cola. Clearly this is a material that could not be analyzed at moderate pressures by conventional XPS. The C 1s narrow scan is fit to five synthetic components. The O 1s narrow scan shows strong contributions from both liquid and gas phase water. A small N 1s signal in the survey spectrum is attributed to background nitrogen. The shape of the uniqueness plot corresponding to the C 1s fit suggests that the fit parameters are statistically significant.



    D. Shah, C. V. Cushman, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 024005 (2019)
    Read more
  34. (2019) Poly(L-lactic acid), by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near ambient pressure - x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at 2500 Pa or higher. With NAP-XPS, one can analyze moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission we show C 1s, O 1s, and survey NAP-XPS spectra from poly(L-lactic acid). The C 1s and O 1s envelopes were fit with three and two Gaussian-Lorentzian sum functions, respectively. Water vapor (800 Pa) was used as the residual gas for charge compensation, which was confirmed by the sharp peak at 535.0 eV in the O 1s narrow scan. The uniqueness plot corresponding to the C 1s fit shows that the fit parameters had statistical significance. C 1s and O 1s spectra of PLLA damaged by exposure to x-rays for ca. 1 hour are also included.



    D. I. Patel, S. Noack, C. D. Vacogne, H. Schlaad, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 024004 (2019)
    Read more
  35. (2019) Liquid water, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at ca. 2500 Pa, or higher in some cases. With NAP-XPS, XPS can be used to analyze moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show survey, O 1s, O KLL, and valence band NAP-XPS spectra from liquid water, a material that could not be analyzed at moderate pressures by conventional approaches. The O 1s signal was fit to two components attributed to liquid and vapor phase water. The carbon in the survey spectrum is attributed to contaminants in the water and/or adventitious carbon.



    D. Shah, D. I. Patel, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 024003 (2019)
    Read more
  36. (2019) Zirconium oxide particles, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure–x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at ca. 2500 Pa, or even higher in some cases. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe particles, moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show survey, narrow (Zr 3p, Zr 3d, and O 1s), and Auger (O KLL) NAP-XPS scans of ZrO2 particles. Charge compensation for this insulating sample took place via the residual gas in the chamber. Zirconia is an important ceramic material. Accordingly, the XPS spectra of zirconia should be useful references.



    D. Shah, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 024001 (2019);
    Read more
  37. (2019) XPS studies on dispersed and immobilised carbon nitrides used for dye degradation

    Liquid phase adsorption is a common technique in waste water purification. However, this process has some downsides. The removal of environmentally harmful contaminants from organic liquids by adsorption produces secondary waste which has to be treated afterwards. The treatment can be e.g. high temperatures or a landfill. Photocatalysts such as CN6 can remove the dye under light irradiation but most times they have to be separated afterwards. Immobilisation of these photocatalysts can be one way to address this problem. The resulting photocatalyst layers were analysed in operando by near-ambient pressure XPS. This enabled us to detect the active species, i.e. oxygen radicals, at the surface, responsible for the dye degradation.



    J. Rieß, M. Lublow, S. Anders, M. Tasbihi, A. Acharjya, K. Kailasam, A. Thomas, M. Schwarze, R. Schomäcker
    Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, Advance Article
    Read more
  38. (2019) Near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy monitoring of the surface immobilization cascade on a porous silicon-gold nanoparticle FET biosensor

    Porous silicon (PSi) offers extremely attractive optical, electronic and biofunctional properties for the development of biosensors. In the present work, we have studied the step by step sandwich biofunctionalization cascade of a PSi platform by near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) and, in parallel, we have developed a three electrode PSi device sensitive to changes in surface conductance. Prior to the NAP-XPS characterization, the organosilanization with glycidyloxy-propyl-trimethoxy-silane, the bioconjugation, and the gold nanoparticle (AuNP) sensitization layer were monitored by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The NAP-XPS analysis revealed outstanding results: a) the NAP-XPS chamber allows detecting the pristine PSi with negligible adventitious carbon contamination, b) the single oxygen bonded carbon component of the Glycidyl group dominates the C1s core level after organosilanization, c) the good progress of the biofunctionalization/recognition is confirmed by the increase of the silica to silicon component ratio in the Si2p core level and, d) the N1s core level describes identical features from the presence of aminoacid sequences in the capture/detection steps. A FET sensing of a prostate specific antigen (PSA) marker was performed through conjugation with AuNPs. For a given concentration of PSA (and AuNPs) the conductance increased with the increase of the gate voltage. For a given gate voltage, the conductance was observed to increase for increasing concentration of PSA. This allowed proposing a calibration line for the biosensor, which is valid from a clinically relevant range of 0.1 ng/mL.



    C. Rodriguez, P. Dietrich, V. Torres-Costa, V. Cebrián, C. Gómez-Abad, A. Díaz, O. Ahumada, M. M. Silván
    Applied Surface Science, Available online 6 June 2019
    Read more
  39. (2019) Chemical surface analysis on materials and devices under functional conditions – Environmental photoelectron spectroscopy as non-destructive tool for routine characterization

    X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become a routine analysis method to determine the chemical composition and bonding states of elements of sample surfaces in many industrial applications, like materials development, failure analysis, quality control and device certification. To obtain significant results the analyses of such samples require a fast analysis with reliable quantification and stable data for repeated experiments. In standard XPS experiments under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions the significance of the results can be affected by changing surface compositions under the analysis conditions, different degrees of degassing and thus changing degrees of differential charging in insulating samples. In this publication the positive influence of XPS analysis under elevated pressures, often named Near-Ambient Pressure XPS or “Environmental XPS” is shown for different samples. Furthermore the process of charge compensation in gas pressures of 1–2 mbar is introduced, followed by a discussion of the perspectives of this “Environmental Charge Compensation”. The paper discusses the efficiency and stability of Environmental Charge Compensations for typical insulating test samples, as well as for different bulk insulators. The additional capability of XPS in elevated pressures is demonstrated on a superabsorbent polymer typically used in diapers, showing the difference of the analysis results for its wet and dry state. The paper ends with the example of a commercial printed circuit board demonstrating the power of the method for routine analysis of complete devices.



    P. Dietrich, S. Bahr, T. Yamamoto, M. Meyer, A. Thissen
    Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena;
    Volume 231, February 2019, Pages 118-126
    Read more
  40. (2019) Clamshell, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show NAP-XPS survey, Ca (3p, 2p, 2s), O 1s, C 1s, and N 1s narrow, and valence band spectra from a clamshell, a material of biological origin that would be challenging to analyze by conventional XPS approaches. Like most shells of biological origin, clamshells are primarily composed of calcium carbonate.



    T. Roychowdhury, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014019 (2019)
    Read more
  41. (2019) Kidney stone, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can be used to probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show O 1s, C 1s, and Ca 2p narrow scans and a survey NAP-XPS spectrum from a human urolith, i.e., a kidney stone, which is a biomaterial that could not be analyzed at moderate pressures by conventional approaches.



    T. Roychowdhury, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014017 (2019)
    Read more
  42. (2019) Sesame seeds, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., greater than ca. 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show NAP-XPS of sesame seeds, a food sample that could not be analyzed at moderate pressures by conventional approaches. Survey spectra from three separate seeds are shown. In addition to the expected C 1s and O 1s signals, seeds show calcium. The C 1s narrow scans from the three seeds are well fit by four components. The largest of these is attributed to carbon singly bonded to oxygen (C—O), which suggests carboydrates or cellulose in the material. A small N 1s peak is observed in all the survey spectra.



    T. Roychowdhury , S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014018 (2019)
    Read more
  43. (2019) Surface Plasmon Enabling Nitrogen Fixation in Pure Water through a Dissociative Mechanism under Mild Conditions

    Nitrogen fixation in a simulated natural environment (i.e., near ambient pressure, room temperature, pure water and incident light) would provide a desirable approach to future nitrogen conversion. As N≡N triple bond has a thermodynamically high cleavage energy, nitrogen reduction under such mild conditions typically undergoes associative alternating or distal pathways rather than follows a dissociative mechanism. Here we report that surface plasmon can supply sufficient energy to activate N2 through a dissociative mechanism in the presence of water and incident light, as evidenced by in-situ synchrotron radiation-based infrared spectroscopy and near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Theoretical simulation indicates that the electric field enhanced by surface plasmon, together with plasmonic hot electrons and interfacial hybridization, may play a critical role in N≡N dissociation. Specifically, AuRu core-antenna nanostructures with broaden light adsorption cross section and active sites achieve an ammonia production rate of 101.4 μmol·g-1·h-1 without any sacrificial agent at room temperature and 2-atm pressure. This work highlights the significance of
    surface plasmon to activation of inert molecules, serving as a promising platform for developing novel catalytic systems.



    C. Hu, X. Chen, J. Jin, Y. Han, S. Chen, H. Ju, J. Cai, Y. Qiu, C. Gao, C. Wang, Z. Qi, R. Long, L. Song, Z. Liu, Y. Xiong
    J. Am. Chem. Soc., Just Accepted Manuscript • Publication Date (Web): 30 Apr 2019
    Read more
  44. (2019) Human tooth, by near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can be used to analyze moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, the authors present the NAP-XPS survey, C 1s, O 1s, Ca 2p, and P 2p narrow scans from a human adult molar tooth, a biological material that would be challenging to analyze by conventional approaches. No pretreatment or cleaning of this dental specimen was performed prior to analysis. Three different regions (top, middle, and root) of the tooth were analyzed. The survey spectra, which differed considerably from each other, show the presence of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous. Tin and sulfur are also present in small amounts on the top part of the tooth. C 1s narrow spectra are well fitted with four synthetic peaks.



    D. Shah, T. Roychowdhury, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014016 (2019)
    Read more
  45. (2019) Hard Italian cheese, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    In this submission, we show survey, O 1s, and C 1s near ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) spectra from a hard Italian cheese, a material that could not be analyzed by conventional approaches without special sample preparation. The C 1s spectrum is fit under the assumption that the surface of the cheese is primarily fat (triglyceride), which is expected to be the lowest free energy component of the material. The O 1s envelope corresponding to the cheese was well fit to two components of equal area.



    T. Roychowdhury, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014015 (2019)
    Read more
  46. (2019) Oxygen gas, O2(g), by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show the survey, O 1s, valence band, and O KLL Auger NAP-XPS spectra of oxygen gas, O2, a material that would be difficult to analyze by conventional XPS. A small N 1s signal from N2(g) is also observed in the survey spectrum. The O 1s narrow scan is fit to Gaussian-Lorentzian sum functions. The Lorentzian character of this synthetic line shape was varied to obtain the best fit. Since it is likely that O2(g) will be present in other NAP-XPS analyses, these data should serve as a useful reference for other researchers.



    T. G. Avval, S. Chatterjee, G. T. Hodges, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014021 (2019)
    Read more
  47. (2019) Introduction to near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of various materials

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, a wide variety of unconventional materials can be analyzed, including moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. Charge compensation with NAP-XPS takes place simply through the residual/background gas in the chamber, which is ionized by the incident x-rays. High quality spectra—high resolution and good signal-to-noise ratios—are regularly obtained. This article is an introduction to a series of papers in Surface Science Spectra on the NAP-XPS characterization of a series of materials. The purpose of these articles is to introduce and demonstrate the versatility and usefulness of the technique.



    D. I. Patel, T. Roychowdhury, V. Jain, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 016801 (2019)
    Read more
  48. (2019) Bovine serum albumin, aqueous solution, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show survey, C 1s, O 1s, and N 1s narrow scans from an aqueous solution of a common protein, bovine serum albumin. The C 1s peak envelope is well fit to four symmetric peaks of equal width that correspond to carbon bonded to carbon and hydrogen (C-1), carbon singly bonded to oxygen (C-2), carbonyl and/or amide carbon (C-3), and carboxyl carbon (C-4). Two possible peak fits are considered for the N 1s and O 1s peak envelopes. The N 1s signal is fit to four peaks that correspond to amine (—NH2), amide (O˭C‒NH2), ammonium (—NH3+), and N2(g) nitrogen, and alternatively to three peaks that correspond to amine, amide, and N2(g) nitrogen. The O 1s peak envelope is similarly fit to three and four components.



    V. Jain, M. Kjærvik, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014027 (2019)
    Read more
  49. (2019) Polytetrafluoroethylene, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure–x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an important polymer with many applications in science and industry. It is an insulator that charges under x-ray illumination at high vacuum. In this submission, we show NAP-XPS spectra of PTFE. Survey spectra are shown at different background gas (air) pressures. These spectra contain F 2s, C 1s, O 1s, N 1s, F 1s, and F Auger signals. Also presented are F 1s narrow scans over a range of background pressures and illumination times. Peaks decrease in width, shift toward literature values, and improve in shape with increasing background gas pressure.



    V. Jain, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014028 (2019)
    Read more
  50. (2019) Nitrogen gas (N2), by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at ca. 2500 Pa, or even higher in some cases. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show NAP-XPS survey and narrow scans from nitrogen gas (N2), a material that could not be analyzed at moderate pressures by conventional approaches. Nitrogen gas is an important reference material for NAP-XPS because residual N2 from the air and/or venting produces an N 1s signal in many NAP-XPS spectra. Nitrogen gas may also be deliberately employed as the gaseous background for NAP-XPS experiments. The survey spectrum of N2 gas contains N 1s, N 2s, N KLL (Auger), and valence band signals. This submission is part of a series of articles on NAP-XPS that has been submitted to Surface Science Spectra.



    D. Shah, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014023 (2019)
    Read more
  51. (2019) Calcite (CaCO3), by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can analyze moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, minerals, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show NAP-XPS survey and Ca 2p, O 1s, and C 1s narrow scans from calcite, which was analyzed here without external charge compensation. Quantitation of the peaks in the narrow scan gives a ratio that is very close to the theoretical 1:1:3 ratio expected for Ca:C:O in the material. The small N 1s signal in the survey spectrum is attributed to residual nitrogen gas in the analysis chamber.



    T. Roychowdhury, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014025 (2019)
    Read more
  52. (2019) Water vapor, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can be used to probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show survey and O 1s NAP-XPS spectra from water vapor, a material that could not be analyzed at moderate pressures by conventional approaches and that is expected to be present in many analyses.



    D. I. Patel, D. Shah, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014026 (2019)
    Read more
  53. (2019) Argon gas, by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure–x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can analyze moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show survey, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, and the Auger LMM NAP-XPS spectra from argon gas, a material that could not be analyzed at moderate pressures by conventional methods. A small N 1s signal from residual nitrogen gas in the chamber is also present in the survey spectrum.



    D. I. Patel, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014024 (2019)
    Read more
  54. (2019) Carbon dioxide gas, CO2(g), by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show the survey, O 1s, C 1s, valence band, O KLL Auger, and C KLL Auger NAP-XPS spectra of gaseous carbon dioxide, CO2, a material that would be difficult to analyze by conventional XPS. A small N 1s signal from N2(g) is also observed in the survey spectrum. The C 1s and O 1s signals in the narrow scans are fit to Gaussian–Lorentzian sum and asymmetric Lorentzian (LA) functions. Better fits are obtained with the LA synthetic line shape. Since it is likely that CO2(g) will be present in other NAP-XPS analyses, these data should serve as a useful reference for other researchers.



    T. G. Avval, S. Chatterjee, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014022 (2019);
    Read more
  55. (2019) Dimethyl sulfoxide by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show survey, O 1s, C 1s, S 2p, and S 2s NAP-XPS spectra from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a widely used organic solvent that is miscible with water. The sample was analyzed directly in its native, liquid state at room temperature. In general, both liquid and gas phase peaks are observed in the narrow scans. Due to the importance of DMSO in both chemistry and biology, it is likely that it will appear in future NAP-XPS analyses. Accordingly, these data may serve as a reference for future work.



    T. G. Avval, C. V. Cushman, S. Bahr, P. Dietrich, M. Meyer, A. Thißen, M. R. Linford
    Surface Science Spectra 26, 014020 (2019)
    Read more
  56. (2018) Electrifying model catalysts for understanding electrocatalytic reactions in liquid electrolytes

    Electrocatalysis is at the heart of our future transition to a renewable energy system. Most energy storage and conversion technologies for renewables rely on electrocatalytic processes and, with increasing availability of cheap electrical energy from renewables, chemical production will witness electrification in the near future1,2,3. However, our fundamental understanding of electrocatalysis lags behind the field of classical heterogeneous catalysis that has been the dominating chemical technology for a long time. Here, we describe a new strategy to advance fundamental studies on electrocatalytic materials. We propose to ‘electrify’ complex oxide-based model catalysts made by surface science methods to explore electrocatalytic reactions in liquid electrolytes. We demonstrate the feasibility of this concept by transferring an atomically defined platinum/cobalt oxide model catalyst into the electrochemical environment while preserving its atomic surface structure. Using this approach, we explore particle size effects and identify hitherto unknown metal–support interactions that stabilize oxidized platinum at the nanoparticle interface. The metal–support interactions open a new synergistic reaction pathway that involves both metallic and oxidized platinum. Our results illustrate the potential of the concept, which makes available a systematic approach to build atomically defined model electrodes for fundamental electrocatalytic studies.



    F. Faisal, C.Stumm, M. Bertram, F. Waidhas, Y. Lykhach, S.Cherevko, F. Xiang, M. Ammon,
    M. Vorokhta, B. Šmíd, T. Skála, N. Tsud, A. Neitzel, K. Beranová, K. C. Prince, S. Geiger,
    O. Kasian, T. Wähler, R. Schuster, M. A. Schneider, V. Matolín, K. J. J.
    Nature Materials volume 17, pages 592–598 (2018)
    Read more
  57. (2018) Investigation of gas sensing mechanism of SnO2 based chemiresistor using near ambient pressure XPS

    In this article, we present the results of an investigation into chemical processes which take place at the surface of SnO2-based chemiresistor in various atmospheres (1 mbar of argon, 1 mbar of oxygen, 0.1 mbar of ethanol, 1 mbar of oxygen + 0.1 mbar of ethanol mixture) at common working temperatures (450 and 573 K). The key method for nanoscale analysis was the Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. In parallel the resistance and DC-responses of SnO2 layer were in-situ monitored providing information about macroscale processes during gas sensing. The change in the sensor resistance after exposure to the ethanol-containing atmospheres together with the disappearance of the band bending effect and observation of different carbonaceous groups including ethoxy groups and acetaldehyde molecules on the sensor surface in the XPS spectra supported the theory of chemical interaction of ethanol with the chemisorbed oxygen. The NAP-XPS spectra also showed that the nanostructured tin oxide is partially reduced even after being exposed to pure oxygen at 573 K. Exposing this surface to the mixture of O2/EtOH did not significantly increase the surface reduction probably due to slow kinetics of the ethanol reduction process and fast kinetics of the oxygen re-oxidation process. However, it was demonstrated that the surface of sensor is slowly getting contaminated by carbon.



    M. Vorokhta, I. Khalakhan, M. Vondráček, D. Tomeček, M. Vorokhta, E. Marešová, J. Nováková, J. Vlček, P. Fitl, M. Novotný, P. Hozák, J. Lančok, M. Vrňata, I. Matolínová, and V. Matolín
    Surface Science, Volume 677, November 2018, Pages 284-290
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  58. (2018) A ligand strategic approach with Cu-MOF for enhanced solar light photocatalysis

    A solar light-active copper-metal organic framework (Cu-MOF) was constructed through a multiple-linker
    strategy employing 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (H4btec) and 4,40´ -bis(1-imidazolyl)biphenyl (bimb)
    as ligands. A reaction mixture consisting of ligands and Cu-metal salts was heated to a critical point in a
    hydrothermal reactor. The constructed MOF was studied for materials chemistry through successive
    analytical techniques. The MOF exhibited a planar structure as seen from the topography obtained from
    electron microscopy and substantiated further by crystallographic analyses. Spectroscopic analyses clearly
    revealed its remarkable ability to harvest visible light. Photoluminesce demonstrated the effect of organic
    conjugation over the transition of d–d electrons. Our study clarified the crucial part played by ligand to
    metal charge transfer in charge-carrier generation. The adopted bi-linker approach enhanced the
    photoactivity and prolonged the lifetime of the charge carriers. This was evident in a solar photocatalysis
    experiment through complete removal of 2-chlorophenol in a short period of time. The robust structural
    stability provided by the linkers was established through thermogravimetric analysis, whereas photostability
    was established through successive photocatalytic experiments employing the recovered MOF.



    N.A. Surib, A. Kuila, P. Saravanan, L. C. Simc and K. H. Leong
    NewJ.Chem., 2018, 42, 11124
    Read more
  59. (2018) Design and fabrication of solar light responsive new metal organic frameworks for photocatalysis

    Design and synthesis of multi-dimensional metal organic frameworks has attracted much attention not only due to their intriguing structures and unique properties, but also for their potential applications especially in catalysis. Recently, much effort has been devoted to develop new photocatalyst based on MOFs, motivated largely by a demand for solving pollution problems in view of their potential applications in the green degradation of organic pollutants. MOFs, known as coordination polymers are crystalline materials constructed from metal ions or clusters bridged by organic ligands to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional infinite networks. There are several methods have been applied for synthesis of MOFs particularly solvothermal, hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, electrochemical, mechanochemical and sonochemical synthesis. In this work, new Cadmium and Copper based Metal Organic Framework (MOF) was synthesized under hydrothermal and solvothermal conditions. Its structure was resolved by single crystal X-ray diffraction and further characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Infrared Spectra (IR), Thermogravimetric (TGA), UV-Vis, Photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The Cd-MOF and Cu-MOF were photocatalytically active for degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) under solar light irradiation where 69% and 100% of phenol removal was observed respectively. To improve photocatalytic activity of Cd-MOF, different metal ions such as Ag+, Fe3+ and Zn2+ were introduced into the framework through ion-exchange reaction. The UV-Vis results revealed that Fe-Cd-MOF showed an enhanced photoresponse in the visible region, whereas the photoresponse of Ag-Cd-MOF and Zn-Cd-MOF in the ultraviolet light region. Photocatalytic performances of synthesized materials were investigated fordegradation of 2-CP. Among them, Cd-MOF intercalated with Fe3+ exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity compared with Cd-MOF, degrading 92% of 2-CP in 5 hours. It can be attributed to the intercalation of Fe3+, which reduced energy gap of pure MOF, thus increases photocatalytic efficiency.



    N. A. Surib
    Thesis (M.Eng.Sc) - Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 2018
    Read more
  60. (2018) Surface characterisation of Escherichia coli under various conditions by near-ambient pressure XPS

    Bacteria are inherently in a hydrated state and therefore not compatible to ultra‐high vacuum techniques such as XPS without prior sample preparation involving freeze drying or fast freezing. This has changed with the development of near‐ambient pressure (NAP)‐XPS, which makes it possible to characterise the bacterial surface with minimal sample preparation. This paper presents NAP‐XPS measurements of Escherichia coli under various NAP conditions: at 11 mbar in a humid environment, at 2 mbar after drying in the chamber, pre‐dried at 4 mbar, and at 1 mbar after overnight pumping at 10−4 mbar. The high‐resolution spectra of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are presented and found to be in general agreement with XPS measurements from freeze‐dried and fast‐frozen bacteria. However, it was found that the amount of carbon components associated with polysaccharides increases relative to aliphatic carbon during drying and increases further after overnight pumping. This implies that drying has an impact on the bacterial surface.



    M. Kjærvik, K. Schwibbert, P. Dietrich, A. Thissen, W. E. S. Unger
    Surf Interface Anal. 2018;1–5.
    Read more
  61. (2018) Lab-based ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy from past to present

    Chemical interactions which occur at a heterogeneous interface between a gas and substrate are critical in many technological and natural processes. Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) is a powerful spectroscopy tool that is inherently surface sensitive, elemental and chemical specific, with the ability to probe sample surfaces in the presence of a gas phase. In this review, we discuss the evolution of lab-based AP-XPS instruments, from the first development by Siegbahn and coworkers up through modern day systems. A comprehensive overview is given of heterogeneous experiments investigated to date via lab-based AP-XPS along with the different instrumental metrics that affect the quality of sample probing. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for lab-based AP-XPS, highlighting the efficacy for this in-demand instrument to continue to expand in its ability to significantly advance our understanding of surface chemical processes under in situ conditions in a technologically multidisciplinary setting.



    C. Arble, M. Jia, J. T. Newberg
    Surface Science Reports, 72(2), pp. 37-57
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  62. (2018) Coverage-dependent oxidation and reduction of vanadium supported on anatase TiO2(101)

    Using a multi-technical approach, we studied the oxidation of anatase TiO2(1 0 1)-supported vanadium (V) clusters at room temperature. We found by ex situ XPS that the highest oxidation state is +4 at sub-monolayer coverage regardless of the O2 pressure, and STM studies revealed that the initial oxidation proceeds through oxygen-induced disintegration of V clusters into monomeric VO2 species. By contrast, for ∼2 monolayer V coverage, a partial oxidation to V5+ is achieved. By in situ APXPS measurements, we found that V can be maintained in the V5+ oxidation state irrespective of the coverage; however, in the sub-monolayer range, an O2 pressure of at least ∼1 × 10−5 mbar is needed. Our results suggest an enhanced reducibility of V in direct contact with the TiO2 support compared to V in the 2nd layer, which is in line with the observed optimum V2O5 loading in catalytic applications just slightly below a full monolayer.



    S. Koust, B. N. Reinecke, K. C. Adamsen, I. Beinik, K. Handrup, Z. Li, P. G. Moses, J. Schnadt, J. V. Lauritsen, S. Wendt
    Journal of Catalysis 360, pp. 118-126
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  63. (2018) In-Situ Photoeletron Spectroscopy

    Photoelectron spectroscopy is known for the chemical analysis of surfaces with element specificity. When a material is excited with ultraviolet or X-ray photons, photoelectrons and secondary photons are emitted which carry a kinetic energy and a momentum which reflect the electronic and molecular structure information of the material. The limited mean free path of electrons in matter requires ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) technology warrants that only electrons at or underneath the surface are detected by the instrument. The term surface has different perception and reception in different scientific communities. To the experimental condensed matter physicist, the surface is a two-dimensional system which forms as a result of the cleavage splitting of a three-dimensional body. To a theoretical condensed matter physicist a body may have infinite dimensions, when necessary.The two half bodies respond to such splitting with surface reconstruction, which makes that the crystallographic and electronic structure of a surface differs from the volume. In such case, electronic surface states may evolve which influence the interaction of the body with its environment, be it other solids or fluids. This encyclopedia article features in situ XPS experiments beyond the conventional UHV conditions.



    A. Braun
    Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering; Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry: Surface Science and Electrochemistry, pp. 264-279
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  64. (2017) Detection of suspended nanoparticles with near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    Two systems of suspended nanoparticles have been studied with near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: silver nanoparticles in water and strontium fluoride—calcium fluoride core-shell nanoparticles in ethylene glycol. The corresponding dry samples were measured under ultra high vacuum for comparison. The results obtained under near-ambient pressure were overall comparable to those obtained under ultra high vacuum, although measuring silver nanoparticles in water requires a high pass energy and a long acquisition time. A shift towards higher binding energies was found for the silver nanoparticles in aqueous suspension compared to the corresponding dry sample, which can be assigned to a change of surface potential at the water-nanoparticle interface. The shell-thickness of the core-shell nanoparticles was estimated based on simulated spectra from the National Institute of Standards and Technology database for simulation of electron spectra for surface analysis. With the instrumental set-up presented in this paper, nanoparticle suspensions in a suitable container can be directly inserted into the analysis chamber and measured without prior sample preparation.



    M. Kjærvik, A. Hermanns, P. Dietrich, A. Thissen, S. Bahr, B. Ritter, E. Kemnitz, W. E S Unger
    Marit Kjærvik et al 2017 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29 474002
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  65. (2017) Trends in Advanced XPS Instrumentation. 7. Advanced Software Capabilities

    In this article, we focus on the features of a modern XPS software package: the Specslab Prodigy system, which is used in most SPECS instruments. Software packages are an integral part of almost any analytical instrument these days, and purchasing decisions are often based as much on the software of an instrument as its hardware.

    Here, we discuss some of the software innovations that are part of the EnviroESCA. These capabilities make this instrument and other SPECS instruments relatively easy to use and improve their data collection and workup capabilities. Two areas of focus
    here will be the software’s ability to save and allow examination of every individual narrow scan, and its ability to interlace during data acquisition, i.e., alternate between taking different narrow scans and survey scans to avoid taking a block of any one type of scan.



    S. Chatterjee, A. Thißen, P. Dietrich, C. Fleischer, C. V. Cushman, J, Banerjee, N. J. Smith, M. R. Linford,
    Vacuum Technology & Coating, December 2017
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  66. (2017) Probing the effect of the Pt–Ni–Pt(111) bimetallic surface electronic structures on the ammonia decomposition reaction

    We report a detailed investigation of elementary catalytic decomposition of ammonia on the Pt–Ni–Pt(111) bimetallic surface using in situ near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Under the near ambient pressure (0.6 mbar) reaction conditions, a different dehydrogenation pathway with a reduced activation energy barrier for recombinative nitrogen desorption on the Pt–Ni–Pt(111) bimetallic surface is observed. The unique surface catalytic activity is correlated with the downward shift of the Pt 5d band states induced by the Ni subsurface atoms via charge redistribution of the topmost Pt layer. Our results provide a practical understanding of the unique chemistry of bimetallic catalysts for facile ammonia decomposition under realistic reaction conditions.



    J.-Q. Zhong, X. Zhou, K. Yuan, C. A. Wright, A. Tadich, D. Qi, H. X. Li, K. Wu, G. Q. Xua, W. Chen
    Nanoscale 9, pp. 666-672
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  67. (2017) Operando chemistry of catalyst surfaces during catalysis

    Chemistry of a catalyst surface during catalysis is crucial for a fundamental understanding of mechanism of a catalytic reaction performed on the catalyst in the gas or liquid phase. Due to the pressure- or molecular density-dependent entropy contribution of gas or liquid phase of the reactants and the potential formation of a catalyst surface during catalysis different from that observed in an ex situ condition, the characterization of the surface of a catalyst under reaction conditions and during catalysis can be significant and even necessary for understanding the catalytic mechanism at a molecular level. Electron-based analytical techniques are challenging for studying catalyst nanoparticles in the gas or liquid phase although they are necessary techniques to employ. Instrumentation and further development of these electron-based techniques have now made in situ/operando studies of catalysts possible. New insights into the chemistry and structure of catalyst nanoparticles have been uncovered over the last decades. Herein, the origin of the differences between ex situ and in situ/operando studies of catalysts, and the technical challenges faced as well as the corresponding instrumentation and innovations utilized for characterizing catalysts under reaction conditions and during catalysis, are discussed. The restructuring of catalyst surfaces driven by the pressure of reactant(s) around a catalyst, restructuring in reactant(s) driven by reaction temperature and restructuring during catalysis are also reviewed herein. The remaining challenges and possible solutions are briefly discussed.



    J. Dou, Z. Sun, A. A. Opalade, N. Wang, W. Fu, F. Tao
    Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, pp. 2001-2027
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  68. (2017) Reversible Bulk Oxidation of Ni Foil During Oscillatory Catalytic Oxidation of Propane: A Novel Type of Spatiotemporal Self-Organization

    A novel type of temporal and spatial self-organization in a heterogeneous catalytic reaction is described for the first time. Using in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry, we show that, under certain conditions, self-sustained reaction-rate oscillations arise in the oxidation of propane over Ni foil because of reversible bulk oxidation of Ni to NiO, which can be observed even with the naked eye as chemical waves propagating over the catalyst surface.



    V. V. Kaichev, A. A. Saraev, A. Yu. Gladky, I. P. Prosvirin, R. Blume, D. Teschner, M. Hävecker, A. Knop-Gericke, R. Schlögl, V. I. Bukhtiyarov
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 026001
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  69. (2017) Specific cation effects at aqueous solution−vapor interfaces: Surfactant-like behavior of Li+ revealed by experiments and simulations

    It is now well established by numerous experimental and computational studies that the adsorption propensities of inorganic anions conform to the Hofmeister series. The adsorption propensities of inorganic cations, such as the alkali metal cations, have received relatively little attention. Here we use a combination of liquid-jet X-ray photoelectron experiments and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the behavior of K+ and Li+ ions near the interfaces of their aqueous solutions with halide ions. Both the experiments and the simulations show that Li+ adsorbs to the aqueous solution−vapor interface, while K+ does not. Thus, we provide experimental validation of the “surfactant-like” behavior of Li+ predicted by previous simulation studies. Furthermore, we use our simulations to trace the difference in the adsorption of K+ and Li+ ions to a difference in the resilience of their hydration shells.



    K. A. Perrine, K. M. Parry, A. C. Stern, M. H. C. Van Spyk, M. J. Makowski, J. A. Freites, B. Winter, D. J. Tobias, J. C. Hemminger
    PNAS 114 (51) 13363-13368
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  70. (2017) The offset droplet: a new methodology for studying the solid/water interface using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    The routine study of the solid-water interface by XPS is potentially revolutionary as this development opens up whole new areas of study for photoelectron spectroscopy. To date this has been realised by only a few groups worldwide and current techniques have significant restrictions on the type of samples which can be studied. Here we present a novel and uniquely flexible approach to the problem. By introducing a thin capillary into the NAP-XPS, a small droplet can be injected onto the sample surface, offset from the analysis area by several mm. By careful control of the droplet size a water layer of controllable thickness can be established in the analysis area—continuous with the bulk droplet. We present results from the solid-water interface on a vacuum prepared TiO2(110) single crystal and demonstrate that the solid/liquid interface is addressable.



    S. G. Booth, A. M. Tripathi, I. Strashnov, R. A. W. Dryfe, A. S. Walton
    J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29, 45
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  71. (2017) The SPECIES beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory: a facility for soft X-ray RIXS and APXPS

    SPECIES is an undulator-based soft X-ray beamline that replaced the old I511 beamline at the MAX II storage ring. SPECIES is aimed at high-resolution ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments. The beamline has two branches that use a common elliptically polarizing undulator and monochromator. The beam is switched between the two branches by changing the focusing optics after the monochromator. Both branches have separate exit slits, refocusing optics and dedicated permanent endstations. This allows very fast switching between two types of experiments and offers a unique combination of the surface-sensitive XPS and bulk-sensitive RIXS techniques both in UHV and at elevated ambient-pressure conditions on a single beamline. Another unique property of the beamline is that it reaches energies down to approximately 27 eV, which is not obtainable on other current APXPS beamlines. This allows, for instance, valence band studies under ambient-pressure conditions. In this article the main properties and performance of the beamline are presented, together with selected showcase experiments performed on the new setup.



    S. Urpelainen, C. Såthe, W. Grizolli, M. Agåker, A. R. Head, M. Andersson, S.-W. Huang, B. N. Jensen, E. Wallén, H. Tarawneh, R. Sankari, R. Nyholm, M. Lindberg, P. Sjöblom, N. Johansson, B. N. Reinecke, M. A. Arman, L. R. Merte, J. Knudsen, J. Schnadt, J
    J. Synchrotron Rad. 24, pp. 344-353
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  72. (2017) Surface Chemistry of Perovskite-Type Electrodes During High Temperature CO2 Electrolysis Investigated by Operando Photoelectron Spectroscopy

    Any substantial move of energy sources from fossil fuels to renewable resources requires large scale storage of excess energy, for example, via power to fuel processes. In this respect electrochemical reduction of CO2 may become very important, since it offers a method of sustainable CO production, which is a crucial prerequisite for synthesis of sustainable fuels. Carbon dioxide reduction in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is particularly promising owing to the high operating temperature, which leads to both improved thermodynamics and fast kinetics. Additionally, compared to purely chemical CO formation on oxide catalysts, SOECs have the outstanding advantage that the catalytically active oxygen vacancies are continuously formed at the counter electrode, and move to the working electrode where they reactivate the oxide surface without the need of a preceding chemical (e.g., by H2) or thermal reduction step. In the present work, the surface chemistry of (La,Sr)FeO3−δ and (La,Sr)CrO3−δ based perovskite-type electrodes was studied during electrochemical CO2 reduction by means of near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) at SOEC operating temperatures. These measurements revealed the formation of a carbonate intermediate, which develops on the oxide surface only upon cathodic polarization (i.e., under sufficiently reducing conditions). The amount of this adsorbate increases with increasing oxygen vacancy concentration of the electrode material, thus suggesting vacant oxygen lattice sites as the predominant adsorption sites for carbon dioxide. The correlation of carbonate coverage and cathodic polarization indicates that an electron transfer is required to form the carbonate and thus to activate CO2 on the oxide surface. The results also suggest that acceptor doped oxides with high electron concentration and high oxygen vacancy concentration may be particularly suited for CO2 reduction. In contrast to water splitting, the CO2 electrolysis reaction was not significantly affected by metallic particles, which were exsolved from the perovskite electrodes upon cathodic polarization. Carbon formation on the electrode surface was only observed under very strong cathodic conditions, and the carbon could be easily removed by retracting the applied voltage without damaging the electrode, which is particularly promising from an application point of view.



    A. K. Opitz, A. Nenning, C. Rameshan, M. Kubicek, T. Götsch, R. Blume, M. Hävecker, A. Knop-Gericke, G. Rupprechter, B. Klötzer, J. Fleig
    ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (41), pp. 35847–35860
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  73. (2017) CO adsorption on Pd(100) studied by multimodal ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopies

    The adsorption of CO on Pd(100) was investigated using simultaneous ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) and infrared reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (IRRAS). The measurements were performed as a function of CO partial pressures from ultra-high vacuum to 0.5 Torr. Total CO coverages estimated from the complementary APXPS and IRRAS measurements are in good agreement. A signal for atop CO, which is uncommon for Pd(100), was observed in the IRRAS data and was used to identify the C 1 s binding energy of this species. Discerning this binding configuration of CO on the Pd(100) surface at elevated pressures has significance for catalytic reactions involving CO, where bridging CO is often the only configuration considered. We also detail the combined APXPS/IRRAS instrumentation and discuss ways to improve these multimodal measurements, which should have wide applicability across many areas of surface and interface science.



    A. R. Head, O. Karslıoǧlu, T. Gerber, Y. Yu, L. Trotochaud, J. Raso, P. Kerger, H. Bluhm
    Surface Science 665, pp. 51-55
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  74. (2017) Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Restructuring Process Induced by CO at Near Ambient Pressure: Pt Nanoclusters on Graphene/Ir(111)

    The adsorption of CO on Pt nanoclusters grown in a regular array on a template provided by the graphene/Ir(111) Moiré was investigated by means of infrared-visible sum frequency generation vibronic spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy from ultrahigh vacuum to near-ambient pressure, and ab initio simulations. Both terminally and bridge bonded CO species populate nonequivalent sites of the clusters, spanning from first to second-layer terraces to borders and edges, depending on the particle size and morphology and on the adsorption conditions. By combining experimental information and the results of the simulations, we observe a significant restructuring of the clusters. Additionally, above room temperature and at 0.1 mbar, Pt clusters catalyze the spillover of CO to the underlying graphene/Ir(111) interface.



    N. Podda, M. Corva, F. Mohamed, Z. Feng, C. Dri, F. Dvorák, V. Matolin, G. Comelli, M. Peressi, E. Vesselli
    ACS Nano 11 (1), pp. 1041–1053
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  75. (2017) Interfacial charge distributions in carbon-supported palladium catalysts

    Controlling the charge transfer between a semiconducting catalyst carrier and the supported transition metal active phase represents an elite strategy for fine turning the electronic structure of the catalytic centers, hence their activity and selectivity. These phenomena have been theoretically and experimentally elucidated for oxide supports but remain poorly understood for carbons due to their complex nanoscale structure. Here, we combine advanced spectroscopy and microscopy on model Pd/C samples to decouple the electronic and surface chemistry effects on catalytic performance. Our investigations reveal trends between the charge distribution at the palladium–carbon interface and the metal’s selectivity for hydrogenation of multifunctional chemicals. These electronic effects are strong enough to affect the performance of large (~5 nm) Pd particles. Our results also demonstrate how simple thermal treatments can be used to tune the interfacial charge distribution, hereby providing a strategy to rationally design carbon-supported catalysts.



    R. G. Rao, R. Blume, T. W. Hansen, E. Fuentes, K. Dreyer, S. Moldovan, O. Ersen, D. D. Hibbitts, Y. J. Chabal, R. Schlögl, J.-P. Tessonnier
    Nature Communications, 8, Article number: 340
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  76. (2017) Interfaces in heterogeneous catalytic reactions: Ambient pressure XPS as a tool to unravel surface chemistry

    In this article we provide a summary of the recent development of ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) and its application to catalytic surface chemistry. The methodology as well as significant advantages and challenges associated with this novel technique are described. Details about specific examples of using AP-XPS to probe surface chemistry under working reaction conditions for a number of reactions are explained: CO oxidation, water-gas shift (WGS), CO2 hydrogenation, dry reforming of methane (DRM) and ethanol steam reforming (ESR). Finally, we discuss insights into the future development of the AP-XPS technique and its applications.



    R. M. Palomino, R. Hamlyn, Z. Liu, D. C. Grinter, I. Waluyo, J. A. Rodriguez, S. D. Senanayake
    Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 221, pp. 28-43
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  77. (2017) In Situ Characterization of the Initial Effect of Water on Molecular Interactions at the Interface of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Systems

    Probing initial interactions at the interface of hybrid systems under humid conditions has the potential to reveal the local chemical environment at solid/solid interfaces under real-world, technologically relevant conditions. Here, we show that ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) with a conventional X-ray source can be used to study the effects of water exposure on the interaction of a nanometer-thin polyacrylic acid (PAA) layer with a native aluminum oxide surface. The formation of a carboxylate ionic bond at the interface is characterized both with APXPS and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the Kretschmann geometry (ATR-FTIR Kretschmann). When water is dosed in the APXPS chamber up to 5 Torr (~28% relative humidity), an increase in the amount of ionic bonds at the interface is observed. To confirm our APXPS interpretation, complementary ATR-FTIR Kretschmann experiments on a similar model system, which is exposed to an aqueous electrolyte, are conducted. These spectra demonstrate that water leads to an increased wet adhesion through increased ionic bond formation.



    S. Pletincx, L. Trotochaud, L.-L. Fockaert, J. M. C. Mol, A.R. Head, O. Karslıoğlu, H. Bluhm, H. Terryn, T. Hauffman
    Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 45123
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  78. (2016) Performance test of new near-ambient-pressure XPS at Korean Basic Science Institute and its application to CO oxidation study on Pt3Ti polycrystalline surface

    A performance test of near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) at Korean Basic Science Institute (KBSI) in Daejeon, Korea is carried out. The NAP-XPS at KBSI is equipped with SPECS PHOIBOS 150 analyzer and 2-dimensional-delay line detector, which provides improved detection efficiency with 1-dimensional chemical imaging mode. The in-situ gas-pressure cell is designed to operate at pressure up to 25 mbar with differential pumping scheme. A micro-focused AlKα X-ray source is utilized as photon excitation source. The NAP-XPS is composed of two separate chambers, e.g. a main preparation chamber and a measurement chamber, which hold a low energy electron diffraction, a high pressure cell, an ion sputter gun, a multi-cell E-beam evaporators, and a four-axis manipulator with heating and cooling capability. As a test run of NAP-XPS, a CO oxidation experiment is carried out on Pt3Ti polycrystalline surface. During the active phase of CO oxidation, a clear formation of Ti oxide is found on surface, revealing the intriguing role of surface metal oxide in surface chemical reaction.



    C. Jeong, H. Yun, H. Lee, S. Muller, J. Lee, B. S. Mun
    Current Applied Physics 16 (1), pp. 73-78
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  79. (2016) Oxidation of Ultrathin FeO(111) Grown on Pt(111): Spectroscopic Evidence for Hydroxylation

    Using high resolution and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy we show that the catalytically active FeO2 trilayer films grown on Pt(111) are very active for water dissociation, in contrast to inert FeO(111) bilayer films. The FeO2 trilayer is so active for water dissociation that it becomes hydroxylated upon formation, regardless of the applied preparation method. FeO2 trilayers were grown by oxidation of FeO(111) bilayer films either with molecular oxygen in the mbar regime, or by NO2 and atomic oxygen exposures, respectively, in the ultrahigh vacuum regime. Because it was impossible to prepare clean FeO2 without any hydroxyls we propose that catalytically highly active FeO2 trilayer films are generally hydroxylated. In addition, we provide spectroscopic fingerprints both for Pt(111)-supported FeO(111) and FeO2 films that can serve as reference for future in situ studies.



    N. Johansson, L. R. Merte, E. Graånäs, S. Wendt, J. N. Andersen, J. Schnadt, J. Knudsen
    Topics in Catalysis 59 (5-7), pp. 506-515
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  80. (2016) Oxidation of Small Supported Platinum-based Nanoparticles under Near-Ambient Pressure Exposure to Oxygen

    The investigation of nanocatalysts under their working conditions of pressures and temperatures represents a real strategy toward a realistic understanding of their chemical reactivity and related issues. Additionally, the reduction of Pt load in the catalysts while maintaining their optimum performances is essential to large scale practical applications. Here, we show that small PtZn bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) supported on the rutile and reduced TiO2(110)-(1 × 1) surface can be prepared by a two step consecutive deposition process where Pt was deposited first and followed by Zn. In situ synchrotron-based near ambient pressure photoemission spectroscopy experiments are used to monitor the evolution of the oxidation states and surface elemental composition of pure Pt and PtZn NPs under high exposure to O2 pressure. The formation of stable Pt surface oxide was evidenced for both pure and PtZn NPs. While a sizeable encapsulation of pure Pt NPs by TiOx was seen after annealing at 440 K under 1 mbar of O2, no such effect was noticed for PtZn NPs. The formation of a zinc oxide layer on PtZn NPs enhances the stability of the NPs and induces a partial reduction of the TiO2(110) surface. Spontaneous formation of a Pt–Zn alloy phase at room temperature was seen in PtZn NPs.



    A. Naitabdi, R. Fagiewicz, A. Boucly, G. Olivieri, F. Bournel, H. Tissot, Y. Xu, R. Benbalagh, M. G. Silly, F. Sirotti, J.-J. Gallet, F. Rochet
    Topics in Catalysis 59 (5-7), pp. 550-563
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  81. (2016) Operando Near Ambient Pressure XPS (NAP-XPS) Study of the Pt Electrochemical Oxidation in H2O and H2O/O2 Ambients

    Oxides on the surface of Pt electrodes are largely responsible for the loss of their electrocatalytic activity in the oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. In this work we apply near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) to study in operando the electrooxidation of a nanoparticulated Pt electrode integrated in a membrane-electrode assembly of a high temperature proton-exchange membrane under water and water/oxygen ambient. Three types of surface oxides/hydroxides gradually develop on the Pt surface depending on the applied potential at +0.9, + 2.5, and +3.7 eV relative to the 4f peak of metal Pt and were attributed to the formation of adsorbed O/OH, PtO, and PtO2, respectively. The presence of O2 in the gas-phase results in the increase of the extent of surface oxidation, and in the growth of the contribution of the PtO2 oxide. Depth profiling studies, in conjunction with quantitative simulations, allowed us to propose a tentative mechanism of the Pt oxidation at high anodic polarization, consisting of adsorption of O/OH followed by nucleation of PtO/PtO2 oxides and their subsequent three-dimensional growth.



    V. A. Saveleva, V. Papaefthimiou, M. K. Daletou, W. H. Doh, C. Ulhaq-Bouillet, M. Diebold, S. Zafeiratos, E. R. Savinova
    J. Phys. Chem. C, 120 (29), pp. 15930–15940
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  82. (2016) The Origin of the Catalytic Activity of a Metal Hydride in CO2 Reduction

    Atomic hydrogen on the surface of a metal with high hydrogen solubility is of particular interest for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. In a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, methane was markedly formed on the metal hydride ZrCoHx in the course of the hydrogen desorption and not on the pristine intermetallic. The surface analysis was performed by means of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and near‐ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, for the in situ analysis. The aim was to elucidate the origin of the catalytic activity of the metal hydride. Since at the initial stage the dissociation of impinging hydrogen molecules is hindered by a high activation barrier of the oxidised surface, the atomic hydrogen flux from the metal hydride is crucial for the reduction of carbon dioxide and surface oxides at interfacial sites.



    S. Kato, S. K. Matam, P. Kerger, L. Bernard, C. Battaglia, D. Vogel, M. Rohwerder, A. Züttel
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 (20), 6028-6032
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  83. (2016) Near Ambient Pressure X‑ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of the Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2 on RuO2(110)

    The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 on a RuO2(110) surface from tetrakis(dimethylamido) titanium and water at 110 °C was investigated using near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) at precursor pressures up to 0.1 mbar. In addition to the expected cyclic surface species, evidence for side reactions was found. Dimethylamine adsorbs on the surface during the TDMAT half-cycle, and a second species, likely methyl methylenimine, also forms. The removal of the amide ligand and the formation of an alkyammonium species during the water half-cycle were found to be pressure dependent. The O 1s, Ru 3d, and Ti 2p spectra show the formation of the Ru–O–Ti interface, and the binding energies are consistent with formation of TiO2 after one full ALD cycle. Dosing TDMAT on the RuO2(110) surface at room temperature promotes a multilayer formation that begins to desorb at 40 °C. The imine species is not seen until 60 °C. These insights into the ALD mechanism and precursor pressure dependence on reactivity highlight the utility of NAP-XPS in studying ALD processes and interface formation.



    A. R. Head, S. Chaudhary, G. Olivieri, F. Bournel, J. N. Andersen, F. Rochet, J.-J. Gallet, J. Schnadt
    J. Phys. Chem. C, 120 (1), pp. 243–251
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  84. (2016) Liquid-Jet X‑ray Photoelectron Spectra of TiO2 Nanoparticles in an Aqueous Electrolyte Solution

    Titania has attracted significant interest due to its broad catalytic applications, many of which involve titania nanoparticles in contact with aqueous electrolyte solutions. Understanding the titania nanoparticle/electrolyte interface is critical for the rational development of such systems. Here, we have employed liquid-jet ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) to investigate the solid/electrolyte interface of 20 nm diameter TiO2 nanoparticles in 0.1 M aqueous nitric acid solution. The Ti 2p line shape and absolute binding energy reflect a fully oxidized stoichiometric titania lattice. Further, by increasing the X-ray excitation energy, the difference in O 1s binding energies between that of liquid water (O 1sliq) and the titania lattice (O 1slat) oxygen was measured as a function of probe depth into the particles. The titania lattice, O 1slat, binding energy decreases by 250 meV when probing from the particle surface into the bulk. This is interpreted as downward band bending at the interface.



    M. J. Makowski, R. P. Galhenage, J. Langford, J. C. Hemminger
    J. Phys. Chem. 7 (9), pp. 1732–1735
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  85. (2016) CO Adsorption on Reconstructed Ir(100) Surfaces from UHV to mbar Pressure: A LEED, TPD, and PM-IRAS Study

    Clean and stable surface modifications of an iridium (100) single crystal, i.e., the (1 × 1) phase, the (5 × 1) reconstruction, and the oxygen-terminated (2 × 1)-O surface, were prepared and characterized by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and polarization modulation IRAS (PM-IRAS). The adsorption of CO in UHV and at elevated (mbar) pressure/temperature was followed both ex situ and in situ on all three surface modifications, with a focus on mbar pressures of CO. The Ir(1 × 1) surface exhibited c(4 × 2)/c(2 × 2) and c(6 × 2) CO structures under low pressure conditions, and remained stable up to 100 mbar and 700 K. For the (2 × 1)-O reconstruction CO adsorption induced a structural change from (2 × 1)-O to (1 × 1), as confirmed by LEED, TPD, and IR. For Ir (2 × 1)-O TPD indicated that CO reacted with surface oxygen forming CO2. The (5 × 1) reconstruction featured a reversible and dynamic behavior upon CO adsorption, with a local lifting of the reconstruction to (1 × 1). After CO desorption, the (5 × 1) structure was restored. All three reconstructions exhibited CO adsorption with on-top geometry, as evidenced by IR. With increasing CO exposure the resonances shifted to higher wavenumber, due to adsorbate–adsorbate and adsorbate–substrate interactions. The largest wavenumber shift (from 2057 to 2100 cm–1) was observed for Ir(5 × 1) upon CO dosing from 1 L to 100 mbar.



    K. Anic, A.V. Bukhtiyarov, H. Li, C. Rameshan, G. Rupprechter
    J. Phys. Chem. C 120 (20), pp. 10838–10848
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  86. (2016) Atmospheric pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy apparatus: Bridging the pressure gap

    One of the main goals in catalysis is the characterization of solid/gas interfaces in a reaction environment. The electronic structure and chemical composition of surfaces become heavily influenced by the surrounding environment. However, the lack of surface sensitive techniques that are able to monitor these modifications under high pressure conditions hinders the understanding of such processes. This limitation is known throughout the community as the “pressure gap.” We have developed a novel experimental setup that provides chemical information on a molecular level under atmospheric pressure and in presence of reactive gases and at elevated temperatures. This approach is based on separating the vacuum environment from the high-pressure environment by a silicon nitride grid—that contains an array of micrometer-sized holes—coated with a bilayer of graphene. Using this configuration, we have investigated the local electronic structure of catalysts by means of photoelectron spectroscopy and in presence of gases at 1 atm. The reaction products were monitored online by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The successful operation of this setup was demonstrated with three different examples: the oxidation/reduction reaction of iridium (noble metal) and copper (transition metal) nanoparticles and with the hydrogenation of propyne on Pd black catalyst (powder).



    J. J. Velasco-Vélez, V. Pfeifer, M. Hävecker, R. Wang, A. Centeno, A. Zurutuza, G. Algara-Siller, E. Stotz, K. Skorupska, D. Teschner, P. Kube, P. Braeuninger-Weimer, S. Hofmann, R. Schlögl, A. Knop-Gericke
    Review of Scientific Instruments 87, 053121
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  87. (2016) Are Au Nanoparticles on Oxygen-Free Supports Catalytically Active?

    Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on oxygen-free supports were examined using near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under CO oxidation conditions, and ex situ using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Our observations demonstrate that Au NPs supported on carbon materials are inactive, regardless of the preparation method. Ozone (O3) treatment of carbon supports leads oxygen-functionalization of the supports. When subsequently exposed to a CO feed, CO is oxidized by the functionalized sites of the carbon support via a stoichiometric pathway. Microscopy reveals that the reaction with CO does not change the morphology of the Au NPs. In situ XPS reveals that the O3 treatment gives rise to additional Au 4f and O 1s peaks at binding energies of 85.25–85.6 and 529.4–530 eV, respectively, which are assigned to the presence of Au oxide. A surface oxide phase is formed during the activation of Au NPs supported on Au foil by O3 treatment. However, this phase decomposes in vacuum and the remaining low-coordinative atoms do not have sufficient catalytic properties to oxidize CO, so the size reduction of Au NPs and/or oxidation of Au NPs is not sufficient to activate Au.



    A. Y. Klyushin, R. Arrigo, Y. Youngmi, Z. Xie, M. Hävecker, A. V. Bukhtiyarov, I. P. Prosvirin, V. I. Bukhtiyarov, A. Knop-Gericke, R. Schlögl
    Topics in Catalysis 59 (5-7), pp. 469-477
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  88. (2016) Ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy: Practical considerations and experimental frontiers

    Over the past several decades, ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) has emerged as a powerful technique for in situ and operando investigations of chemical reactions under relevant ambient atmospheres far from ultra-high vacuum conditions. This review focuses on exemplary cases of APXPS experiments, giving special consideration to experimental techniques, challenges, and limitations specific to distinct condensed matter interfaces. We discuss APXPS experiments on solid/vapor interfaces, including the special case of 2D films of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride on metal substrates with intercalated gas molecules, liquid/vapor interfaces, and liquid/solid interfaces, which are a relatively new class of interfaces being probed by APXPS. We also provide a critical evaluation of the persistent limitations and challenges of APXPS, as well as the current experimental frontiers.



    L. Trotochaud, A. R. Head, O. Karslıoğlu, L. Kyhl, H. Bluhm
    J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29 (5)
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  89. (2016) Ambient Pressure Photoemission Spectroscopy Reveals the Mechanism of Carbon Soot Oxidation in Ceria-Based Catalysts

    The Front Cover shows a representation of the ALBA synchrotron, where near ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy was performed to study the surface/subsurface of ceria and ceria‐zirconia catalysts for removing soot from combustion engines. In their Communication, L. Soler et al. identified two cooperative routes, one occurring at the ceria–soot interface with formation of O vacancies and CeIII, and another at the surface of soot mediated by superoxide species resulting from the reaction between O2 gas and O vacancies (drawing by Javier Sánchez Ríos, javier. sanchezrios.1978@ieee.org). More information can be found in the Communication by L. Soler et al. on page 2748 in Issue 17, 2016 (DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600615).



    L. Soler, A. Casanovas, C. Escudero, V. Pérez-Dieste, E. Aneggi, A. Trovarelli, J. Llorca
    ChemCatChem 8 (17), pp. 2733-2733
    Read more
  90. (2016) Graphene Membranes for Atmospheric Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy

    Atmospheric pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is demonstrated using single-layer graphene membranes as photoelectron-transparent barriers that sustain pressure differences in excess of 6 orders of magnitude. The graphene serves as a support for catalyst nanoparticles under atmospheric pressure reaction conditions (up to 1.5 bar), where XPS allows the oxidation state of Cu nanoparticles and gas phase species to be simultaneously probed. We thereby observe that the Cu2+ oxidation state is stable in O2 (1 bar) but is spontaneously reduced under vacuum. We further demonstrate the detection of various gas-phase species (Ar, CO, CO2, N2, O2) in the pressure range 10–1500 mbar including species with low photoionization cross sections (He, H2). Pressure-dependent changes in the apparent binding energies of gas-phase species are observed, attributable to changes in work function of the metal-coated grids supporting the graphene. We expect atmospheric pressure XPS based on this graphene membrane approach to be a valuable tool for studying nanoparticle catalysis.



    R. S. Weatherup, B. Eren, Y. Hao, H. Bluhm, M. B. Salmeron
    J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 (9), pp. 1622–1627
    Read more
  91. (2016) Is Steam an Oxidant or a Reductant for Nickel/Doped-Ceria Cermets?

    Nickel/doped‐ceria composites are promising electrocatalysts for solid‐oxide fuel and electrolysis cells. Very often steam is present in the feedstock of the cells, frequently mixed with other gases, such as hydrogen or CO2. An increase in the steam concentration in the feed mixture is considered accountable for the electrode oxidation and the deactivation of the device. However, direct experimental evidence of the steam interaction with nickel/doped‐ceria composites, with adequate surface specificity, are lacking. Herein we explore in situ the surface state of nickel/gadolinium‐doped ceria (NiGDC) under O2, H2, and H2O environments by using near‐ambient‐pressure X‐ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies. Changes in the surface oxidation state and composition of NiGDC in response to the ambient gas are observed. It is revealed that, in the mbar pressure regime and at intermediate temperature conditions (500–700 °C), steam acts as an oxidant for nickel but has a dual oxidant/reductant function for doped ceria.



    V. Papaefthimiou, D. K. Niakolas, F. Paloukis, T. Dintzer, S. Zafeiratos
    ChemPhysChem 18 (1), pp. 164-170
    Read more
  92. (2015) Time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques for thestudy of interfacial charge dynamics

    X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most powerful techniques to quantitatively ana-lyze the chemical composition and electronic structure of surfaces and interfaces in a non-destructivefashion. Extending this technique into the time domain has the exciting potential to shed new lighton electronic and chemical dynamics at surfaces by revealing transient charge configurations withelement- and site-specificity. Here, we describe prospects and challenges that are associated with theimplementation of picosecond and femtosecond time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy atthird-generation synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers, respectively. In particular, we discuss aseries of laser-pump/X-ray-probe photoemission experiments performed on semiconductor surfaces,molecule-semiconductor interfaces, and films of semiconductor nanoparticles that demonstrate the highsensitivity of time-resolved XPS to light-induced charge carrier generation, diffusion and recombinationwithin the space charge layers of these materials. Employing the showcase example of photo-inducedelectronic dynamics in a dye-sensitized semiconductor system, we highlight the unique possibility toprobe heterogeneous charge transfer dynamics from both sides of an interface, i.e., from the perspectiveof the molecular electron donor and the semiconductor acceptor, simultaneously. Such capabilities willbe crucial to improve our microscopic understanding of interfacial charge redistribution and associatedchemical dynamics, which are at the heart of emerging energy conversion, solar fuel generation, andenergy storage technologies.



    S. Neppl, O. Gessner
    Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 200 (2015) 64–77
    Read more
  93. (2015) Understanding complete oxidation of methane on spinel oxides at a molecular level

    It is crucial to develop a catalyst made of earth-abundant elements highly active for a complete oxidation of methane at a relatively low temperature. NiCo2O4 consisting of earth-abundant elements which can completely oxidize methane in the temperature range of 350–550 °C. Being a cost-effective catalyst, NiCo2O4 exhibits activity higher than precious-metal-based catalysts. Here we report that the higher catalytic activity at the relatively low temperature results from the integration of nickel cations, cobalt cations and surface lattice oxygen atoms/oxygen vacancies at the atomic scale. In situ studies of complete oxidation of methane on NiCo2O4 and theoretical simulations show that methane dissociates to methyl on nickel cations and then couple with surface lattice oxygen atoms to form –CH3O with a following dehydrogenation to −CH2O; a following oxidative dehydrogenation forms CHO; CHO is transformed to product molecules through two different sub-pathways including dehydrogenation of OCHO and CO oxidation.



    F. F. Tao, J.-J. Shan, L. Nguyen, Z. Wang, S. Zhang, L. Zhang, Z. Wu, W. Huang, S. Zeng, P. Hu
    Nature Communications 6, Article number: 7798
    Read more
  94. (2015) The Electronic Structure of Saturated NaCl and NaI Solutions in Contact with a Gold Substrate

    The near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy set up installed recently at SOLEIL synchrotron facility is used to study the electronic structure of NaCl and NaI saturated solutions formed on a gold substrate. The binding energies of the solution constituents are measured with respect to the Fermi level of the gold substrate. The C1s binding energy of the aliphatic contaminant floating at the surface of the solution is an evidence that the Fermi level in the metal and in the solution are aligned. The use of the Fermi level common energy reference is an added value with respect to previous works realized with micro-jets that were calibrated in energy with respect to vacuum level. We observe that the water valence molecular levels binding energies, and hence the Fermi positioning in the gap of the liquid, the Na+ 2s binding energy and even the work function are independent of the nature of the anions. The secondary electron energy distribution curves show that the work functions of the two solutions are equal within experimental uncertainty. We discuss this point considering the different ion distributions at the surface (related to the different size and polarizability of the anions), and the possible contribution of carbon contaminants. We compare the WF values extracted from the secondary electron edges to alternative measurements using the binding energy of the gas phase O1s or 1b1 spectra (referenced to the gold Fermi level). The ionization energies (referenced to the vacuum level), that we obtain by adding the work function to the measured binding energies, are in good accord with previously published works using micro-jets, obtained, however, at much lower solute concentration. Finally we discuss the origin of the Fermi level pinning in the liquid band gap and consider the possibility that the H+/H2 redox level is aligned with the metal Fermi level.



    H. Tissot, J.-J. Gallet, F. Bournel, G. Olivieri, M. G. Silly, F. Sirotti, A. Boucly, F. Rochet
    Topics in Catalysis 59 (5-7), pp. 605-620
    Read more
  95. (2015) Synthesis and Structural Evolution of Nickel–Cobalt Nanoparticles Under H2 and CO2

    Bimetallic nanoparticle (NP) catalysts are interesting for the development of selective catalysts in reactions such as the reduction of CO2 by H2 to form hydrocarbons. Here the synthesis of Ni–Co NPs is studied, and the morphological and structural changes resulting from their activation (via oxidation/reduction cycles), and from their operation under reaction conditions, are presented. Using ambient‐pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, it is found that the initial core–shell structure evolves to form a surface alloy due to nickel migration from the core. Interestingly, the core consists of a Ni‐rich single crystal and a void with sharp interfaces. Residual phosphorous species, coming from the ligands used for synthesis, are found initially concentrated in the NP core, which later diffuse to the surface.



    S. Carenco, C.‐H. Wu, A. Shavorskiy, S. Alayoglu, G. A. Somorjai, H. Bluhm, M. Salmeron
    Small 11 (25), pp. 3045-3053
    Read more
  96. (2015) Catalysis on singly dispersed bimetallic sites

    A catalytic site typically consists of one or more atoms of a catalyst surface that arrange into a configuration offering a specific electronic structure for adsorbing or dissociating reactant molecules. The catalytic activity of adjacent bimetallic sites of metallic nanoparticles has been studied previously. An isolated bimetallic site supported on a non-metallic surface could exhibit a distinctly different catalytic performance owing to the cationic state of the singly dispersed bimetallic site and the minimized choices of binding configurations of a reactant molecule compared with continuously packed bimetallic sites. Here we report that isolated Rh1Co3 bimetallic sites exhibit a distinctly different catalytic performance in reduction of nitric oxide with carbon monoxide at low temperature, resulting from strong adsorption of two nitric oxide molecules and a nitrous oxide intermediate on Rh1Co3 sites and following a low-barrier pathway dissociation to dinitrogen and an oxygen atom. This observation suggests a method to develop catalysts with high selectivity.



    S. Zhang, L. Nguyen, J.-X. Liang, J. Shan, J. Liu, A.I. Frenkel, A. Patlolla, W. Huang, J. Li, F. Tao
    Nature Communications 6, Article number: 7938
    Read more
  97. (2015) Aqueous solution/metal interfaces investigated in operando by photoelectron spectroscopy

    We describe a new in operando approach for the investigation of heterogeneous processes at solid/liquid interfaces with elemental and chemical specificity which combines the preparation of thin liquid films using the meniscus method with standing wave ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [Nemšák et al., Nat. Commun., 5, 5441 (2014)]. This technique provides information about the chemical composition across liquid/solid interfaces with sub-nanometer depth resolution and under realistic conditions of solution composition and concentration, pH, as well as electrical bias. In this article, we discuss the basics of the technique and present the first results of measurements on KOH/Ni interfaces.



    O. Karslıoğlu, S. Nemšák, I. Zegkinoglou, A. Shavorskiy, M. Hartl, F. Salmassi, E. M. Gullikson, M. L. Ng, Ch. Rameshan, B. Rude, D. Bianculli, A. A. Cordones, S. Axnanda, E. J. Crumlin, P. N. Ross, C. M. Schneider, Z. Hussain, Z. Liu, C. S. Fadley, H. Bl
    Faraday Discuss. 180, pp. 35-53
    Read more
  98. (2015) In situ investigation of dissociation and migration phenomena at the Pt/electrolyte interface of an electrochemical cell

    The development of efficient energy conversion systems requires precise engineering of electrochemical interfaces and thus asks for in situ techniques to probe the structure and the composition of the dynamic electrode/electrolyte interfacial region. This work demonstrates the potential of the near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAPXPS) for in situ studies of processes occurring at the interface between a metal electrode and a liquid electrolyte. By using a model membrane-electrode assembly of a high temperature phosphoric acid-imbibed proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and combining NAPXPS measurements with the density functional theory, it was possible to monitor such fundamental processes as dissociation and migration of the phosphoric acid within a nanostructured Pt electrode under polarization.



    Y. T. Law, S. Zafeiratos, S. G. Neophytides, A. Orfanidi, D. Costa, T. Dintzer, R. Arrigo, A. Knop-Gericke, R. Schlögl, E. R. Savinova
    Chem. Sci. 6 (10) , pp. 5635-5642
    Read more
  99. (2015) A Comparative Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron and Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Various Cobalt-Based Catalysts in Reactive Atmospheres

    The oxidation state of cobalt in various forms (single crystal, nanopowder, deposited on CeO2 and ZnO supports) was investigated in situ under O2, H2 and ethanol steam reforming (ESR) conditions (C2H6O:H2O = 1:3) by using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies. In O2 atmosphere single crystalline, nanopowder and CeO2-supported cobalt is readily oxidized into a spinel Co3O4 phase, while over the ZnO a mixed Zn1−xCoxO oxide is formed. In H2 and ESR atmospheres, Co3O4 oxide reduces to the metallic state, with an evident effect of the gas atmosphere and the sample type in this process. On the other hand the Zn1−xCoxO oxide proved to be extremely stable in reductive conditions. Finally, under the ESR atmosphere the amount of carbon deposition and the type of the adsorbed oxygen species considerably varies between supported and single crystalline/nanopowder cobalt catalysts.



    S. Turczyniak, W. Luo, V. Papaefthimiou, N. S. Ramgir, M. Haevecker, A. Machocki, S. Zafeiratos
    Topics in Catalysis 59 (5-7), pp. 532-542
    Read more
  100. (2014) Sub-nanosecond time-resolved ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy setup for pulsed and constant wave X-ray light sources

    An apparatus for sub-nanosecond time-resolved ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    studies with pulsed and constant wave X-ray light sources is presented. A differentially pumped
    hemispherical electron analyzer is equipped with a delay-line detector that simultaneously records
    the position and arrival time of every single electron at the exit aperture of the hemisphere with
    ∼0.1 mm spatial resolution and ∼150 ps temporal accuracy. The kinetic energies of the photoelectrons
    are encoded in the hit positions along the dispersive axis of the two-dimensional detector. Pumpprobe
    time-delays are provided by the electron arrival times relative to the pump pulse timing. An
    average time-resolution of (780 ± 20) ps (FWHM) is demonstrated for a hemisphere pass energy Ep
    = 150 eV and an electron kinetic energy range KE = 503–508 eV. The time-resolution of the setup
    is limited by the electron time-of-flight (TOF) spread related to the electron trajectory distribution
    within the analyzer hemisphere and within the electrostatic lens system that images the interaction
    volume onto the hemisphere entrance slit. The TOF spread for electrons with KE = 430 eV varies
    between ∼9 ns at a pass energy of 50 eV and ∼1 ns at pass energies between 200 eV and 400 eV. The
    correlation between the retarding ratio and the TOF spread is evaluated by means of both analytical
    descriptions of the electron trajectories within the analyzer hemisphere and computer simulations of
    the entire trajectories including the electrostatic lens system. In agreement with previous studies, we
    find that the by far dominant contribution to the TOF spread is acquired within the hemisphere. However,
    both experiment and computer simulations show that the lens system indirectly affects the time
    resolution of the setup to a significant extent by inducing a strong dependence of the angular spread
    of electron trajectories entering the hemisphere on the retarding ratio. The scaling of the angular
    spread with the retarding ratio can be well approximated by applying Liouville’s theorem of constant
    emittance to the electron trajectories inside the lens system. The performance of the setup is demonstrated
    by characterizing the laser fluence-dependent transient surface photovoltage response of a
    laser-excited Si(100) sample. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.



    A. Shavorskiy, S. Neppl, D. S. Slaughter, J. P. Cryan, K. R. Siefermann, F. Weise,
    Mf Lin, C. Bacellar, M. P. Ziemkiewicz, I. Zegkinoglou, M. W. Fraund, C.
    Khurmi, M. P. Hertlein, T. W. Wright, N. Huse, R. W. Schoenlein, T. Tyliszczak, G.
    Coslovich, J.
    AIP Review of Scientific Instruments 85, 093102 (2014)
    Read more
  101. (2014) Atomic-Scale Perspective of Ultrafast Charge Transfer at a Dye−Semiconductor Interface

    Understanding interfacial charge-transfer processes on the atomic level is
    crucial to support the rational design of energy-challenge relevant systems such as solar cells,
    batteries, and photocatalysts. A femtosecond time-resolved core-level photoelectron spectroscopy
    study is performed that probes the electronic structure of the interface between
    ruthenium-based N3 dye molecules and ZnO nanocrystals within the first picosecond after
    photoexcitation and from the unique perspective of the Ru reporter atom at the center of the
    dye. A transient chemical shift of the Ru 3d inner-shell photolines by (2.3 ± 0.2) eV to higher
    binding energies is observed 500 fs after photoexcitation of the dye. The experimental results
    are interpreted with the aid of ab initio calculations using constrained density functional
    theory. Strong indications for the formation of an interfacial charge-transfer state are presented,
    providing direct insight into a transient electronic configuration that may limit the
    efficiency of photoinduced free charge-carrier generation.



    K.R. Siefermann, C. D. Pemmaraju, S. Neppl, A. Shavorskiy,
    A. A. Cordones, J. Vura-Weis, D. S. Slaughter, F. P. Sturm, F. Weise,
    H. Bluhm, M. L. Strader, H. Cho, MF Lin, C. Bacellar,
    C. Khurmi, J. Guo, G. Coslovich, J. S. Robinson, R. A. Kaindl,
    R. W.
    The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2014, 5, 2753−2759
    Read more
  102. (2014) Sub-nanosecond time-resolved ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy setup for pulsed and constant wave X-ray light sources

    An apparatus for sub-nanosecond time-resolved ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies with pulsed and constant wave X-ray light sources is presented. A differentially pumped hemispherical electron analyzer is equipped with a delay-line detector that simultaneously records the position and arrival time of every single electron at the exit aperture of the hemisphere with ∼0.1 mm spatial resolution and ∼150 ps temporal accuracy. The kinetic energies of the photoelectrons are encoded in the hit positions along the dispersive axis of the two-dimensional detector. Pump-probe time-delays are provided by the electron arrival times relative to the pump pulse timing. An average time-resolution of (780 ± 20) ps (FWHM) is demonstrated for a hemisphere pass energy Ep = 150 eV and an electron kinetic energy range KE = 503–508 eV. The time-resolution of the setup is limited by the electron time-of-flight (TOF) spread related to the electron trajectory distribution within the analyzer hemisphere and within the electrostatic lens system that images the interaction volume onto the hemisphere entrance slit. The TOF spread for electrons with KE = 430 eV varies between ∼9 ns at a pass energy of 50 eV and ∼1 ns at pass energies between 200 eV and 400 eV. The correlation between the retarding ratio and the TOF spread is evaluated by means of both analytical descriptions of the electron trajectories within the analyzer hemisphere and computer simulations of the entire trajectories including the electrostatic lens system. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the by far dominant contribution to the TOF spread is acquired within the hemisphere. However, both experiment and computer simulations show that the lens system indirectly affects the time resolution of the setup to a significant extent by inducing a strong dependence of the angular spread of electron trajectories entering the hemisphere on the retarding ratio. The scaling of the angular spread with the retarding ratio can be well approximated by applying Liouville's theorem of constant emittance to the electron trajectories inside the lens system. The performance of the setup is demonstrated by characterizing the laser fluence-dependent transient surface photovoltage response of a laser-excited Si(100) sample.



    A. Shavorskiy, S. Neppl, D.S. Slaughter, J. P. Cryan, K. R. Siefermann, F. Weise, M.-F. Lin, C. Bacellar, M. P. Ziemkiewicz, I. Zegkinoglou, M. W. Fraund, C. Khurmi, M. P. Hertlein, T. W. Wright, N. Huse, R. W. Schoenlein, T. Tyliszczak, G. Coslovich, J.
    Review of Scientific Instruments 85, 093102
    Read more
  103. (2014) Synchrotron-based Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

    Solid/vapor and liquid/vapor interfaces govern many processes in the environment and atmosphere, energy generation, and electrochemical devices as well as heterogeneous catalysis. Examples include catalytic converters in automobiles , solid oxide fuel cells, cloud droplet nucleation on atmospheric aerosol particles, as well as the interaction of trace gases with polar snow packs. A fundamental understanding of the molecular processes at these interfaces requires experimental methods that allow the investigation of samples under as close to operating conditions as possible. This kind of investigation has become increasingly important over the last few decades, leading to the development of a number of surface-sensitive, in-situ spectroscopies and microscopies, including infrared spectroscopy (IR); vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG); X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES); surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD); scanning force microscopy (SFM) in both contact and non-contact modes; scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); as well as transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.



    A. Shavorskiy, O. Karslioglu, I. Zegkinoglou, H. Bluhm
    Synchrotron Radiation News 27 (2), pp. 14-23
    Read more
  104. (2014) Influence of the support on surface rearrangements of bimetallic nanoparticles in real catalysts

    Catalysts used for heterogeneous processes are usually composed of metal nanoparticles dispersed over a high–surface-area support. In recent years, near-ambient pressure techniques have allowed catalyst characterization under operating conditions, overcoming the pressure gap effect. However, the use of model systems may not truly represent the changes that occur in real catalysts (the so-called material gap effect). Supports can play an important role in the catalytic process by providing new active sites and may strongly affect both the physical and chemical properties of metal nanoparticles. We used near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to show that the surface rearrangement of bimetallic (rhodium-palladium) nanoparticles under working conditions for ethanol steam reforming with real catalysts is strongly influenced by the presence of a reducible ceria support.



    N. J. Divins, I. Angurell, C. Escudero, V. Pérez-Dieste, J. Llorca
    Science 346 (6209), pp. 620-623
    Read more
  105. (2013) Physics and chemistry of material surfaces under ambient conditions of gases and liquids: What’s new?

    The atoms at the surfaces of materials represent the frontier separating the bulk from the surrounding medium. Over the last decades, scientists have intensely studied the structure and properties of surfaces with the goal of understanding and improving the electronic and chemical properties of materials. The surface–medium interaction determines wetting, friction, chemical, biological, and electronic properties. The activity of catalysts, phenomena occurring in water droplets and particles in the atmosphere, and the electronic properties of semiconductor devices are direct consequences of surface-environment interactions. While the need to pursue studies in the normal environment that surrounds a material has always been recognized, the techniques used in the past have only partially fulfilled this need, as most of them work best under high vacuum conditions. My research over the last 10 years has focused on discovering the structure of a surface and its dynamics in real life—in everyday environments. This required the development of new techniques and methods. I present some of the new tools developed in my laboratory and new properties that were discovered by their application in the areas of environmental science, surface chemistry, and catalysis.



    M. Salmeron
    Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Substrates and materials 38 (8), pp. 650-657
    Read more
  106. (2013) Investigation of solid/vapor interfaces using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    Heterogeneous chemical reactions at vapor/solid interfaces play an important role in many processes in the environment and technology. Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is a valuable tool to investigate the elemental composition and chemical specificity of surfaces and adsorbates on the molecular scale at pressures of up to 130 mbar. In this review we summarize the historical development of APXPS since its introduction over forty years ago, discuss different approaches to minimize scattering of electrons by gas molecules, and give a comprehensive overview about the experimental systems (vapor/solid interfaces) that have been studied so far. We also present several examples for the application of APXPS to environmental science, heterogeneous catalysis, and electrochemistry.



    D. E. Starr, Z. Liu, M. Hävecker, A. Knop-Gerickec, H. Bluhm
    Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, pp. 5833-5857
    Read more
  107. (2012) Operando Studies of Catalyst Surfaces during Catalysis and under Reaction Conditions: Ambient Pressure X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy with a Flow-Cell Reactor

    We present the development and performance of a new, reactor‐like, in‐house ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (AP‐XPS) using Al Kα, which can study material surfaces, particularly surfaces of catalysts during catalysis and under reaction conditions. This ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique uses an affordable bench‐top X‐ray source, monochromated Al Kα, making it available for research groups on any campus. A unique feature of this in‐house AP‐XPS is the integration of a micro ambient pressure reaction cell working in either flowing or batch mode into a monochromatic Al Kα source and an ambient pressure energy analyzer. This integration allows XPS studying surfaces of materials while they functionalize in a flowing gaseous environment. Another feature is the integration of characterization of surfaces of catalysts into simultaneous measurements of catalytic performance by using on‐line, quadrupole mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. Performance tests of this in‐house AP‐XPS have demonstrated that it can study material surfaces at temperatures up to 500–550 °C in a gaseous environment with pressures up to 25–50 Torr. This design has successfully brought the synchrotron‐based AP‐XPS technique to research groups on campuses.



    F. Tao
    ChemCatChem 4 (5), pp. 583-590
    Read more
  108. (2012) The new ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument at MAX-lab

    The new instrument for near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy which has been installed at the MAX II ring of the Swedish synchrotron radiation facility MAX IV Laboratory in Lund is presented. The new instrument, which is based on a SPECS PHOIBOS 150 NAP analyser, is the first to feature the use of retractable and exchangeable high-pressure cells. This implies that clean vacuum conditions are retained in the instrument's analysis chamber and that it is possible to swiftly change between near-ambient and ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. In this way the instrument implements a direct link between ultrahigh-vacuum and in situ studies, and the entire pressure range from ultrahigh-vacuum to near-ambient conditions is available to the user. Measurements at pressures up to 10-5 mbar are carried out in the ultrahigh-vacuum analysis chamber, while measurements at higher pressures are performed in the high-pressure cell. The installation of a mass spectrometer on the exhaust line of the reaction cell offers the users the additional dimension of simultaneous reaction data monitoring. Moreover, the chosen design approach allows the use of dedicated cells for different sample environments, rendering the Swedish ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument a highly versatile and flexible tool.



    J. Schnadt, J. Knudsen, J. N. Andersen, H. Siegbahn, A. Pietzsch, F. Hennies, N. Johansson, N. Mårtensson, G. Öhrwall, S. Bahr, S. Mähl, O. Schaff
    J. Synchrotron Rad. 19, pp. 701-704
    Read more

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DN40CF 4-fold SMB Feedthrough for DLD

Spare electrical feedthrough for all DLD detectors. Connection flange for the ACU unit

2100011768
Cu gasket for PHOIBOS 150

PHOIBOS 150 analyzer main flange gasket for Releases R5, R6, R7

2074050088
Nozzle 0,3 mm, double coated

Nozzle 0,3 mm for 7 kV PHOIBOS 150 Backfilling Pre-Lens

2055020988
Nozzle 1,0 mm, double coated

Nozzle 1,0 mm for 7 kV PHOIBOS 150 Backfilling Pre-Lens

2055022579
Rotary feedthrough for IRIS

Replacement feedthrough for PHOIBOS Release R5 & R6 iris mechanism

2060001175
Spindle with Spur and Bevel Gear for Iris

Replacement spindle for PHOIBOS Release R5 & R6 iris mechanism

2055021656
Tubus 3 with Iris

Replacement iris mechanism for PHOIBOS Release R5 & R6

2079150291

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